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By integrating LCZ data with interpolation techniques, LCZ4r enhances air temperature modeling, capturing well-defined thermal patterns, such as vegetation-dominated areas, that traditional methods often overlook. The openly available and reproducible R-based scripts ensure consistent results and broad applicability, making LCZ4r a valuable tool for researchers studying the relationship between land use-cover and urban climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92000-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T08:42:23Z","timestamp":1741164143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["LCZ4r package R for local climate zones and urban heat islands"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Anjos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dayvid","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Castelhano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"92000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00019.1","volume":"93","author":"ID Stewart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stewart, I. 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