{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T15:27:00Z","timestamp":1794065220644,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794009600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["MoE-STARS\/STARS-2\/2023-0620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MoE-STARS\/STARS-2\/2023-0620"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL133334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL133334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024099","name":"Philips Medical Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Venous thrombi that transition to chronic occlusions are difficult to address with current interventions. Histotripsy is a focused ultrasound therapy that ablates tissue through bubble cloud activity. Pre-clinical studies indicate acute thrombi are sensitive to histotripsy, but outcomes for aged obstructions require further investigation. In this pilot study, a porcine model was developed to test the hypothesis that histotripsy will disrupt disorganized extracellular matrix within chronic venous occlusions. Thrombi were formed in the femoral vein of female mixed-breed pigs via selective catheterization. The occlusion was monitored for 30 days with ultrasound imaging, after which the femoral bundle was resected for analysis with immunohistochemistry and transcriptomics (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093), or exposed to histotripsy (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093). Changes to the occlusion appearance were noted throughout aging. At 30 days, obstructed venous tissue was composed primarily of collagen (mean: 39.7% by area) with activated macrophages (mean: 22.2% of cells) and fibroblasts (mean: 21.6% of cells). Relative to patient-derived samples of subacute venous thrombi, the occlusions generated in this study exhibited increased coverage by collagen and hematoxylin. Histotripsy resulted in a 59.0% mean reduction in the occlusion area on ultrasound imaging. Tissue components undergoing active remodeling (i.e., disorganized collagen and cells) exhibited increased strong damage. This study demonstrated feasibility for a large animal model of chronic venous thrombosis, and provided proof-of-concept data for targeting the occlusion with histotripsy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-74217-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1794063777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large animal model of chronic venous occlusion: a pilot study to assess composition and sensitivity to histotripsy"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Saucedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Antonides-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia L.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"Ostdiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guimin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey D.","family":"Wool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osmanuddin S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikin V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth B.","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]]},"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-74217-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T15:02:58Z","timestamp":1794063778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-74217-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["74217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-74217-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JDP has Leadership Role for Flow Medical. OSA has grants from Canon Medical; Consulting Fees from Argon Medica, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Bard Asahi, and Cannon; and Leadership Role for Flow Medical. GDW is on the Advisory Board and received Honoraria from Diagnostic Stago; Consulting Fees from Abbvie; and is a Paid Speaker for Sysmex. All other authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Competing interests<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}