{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:53:56Z","timestamp":1778212436708,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood-sucking arthropods transmit a variety of human pathogens acting as disseminators of the so-called vector-borne diseases. Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by different <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species, transmitted <jats:italic>quasi<\/jats:italic> worldwide by sand flies. However, whereas many laboratories focus on the disease(s) and etiological agents, considerably less study the respective vectors. In fact, information on sand flies is neither abundant nor easy to find; aspects including basic biology, ecology, and sand-fly-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> interactions are usually reported separately. Here, we compile elemental information on sand flies, in the context of leishmaniasis. We discuss the biology, distribution, and life cycle, the blood-feeding process, and the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-sand fly interactions that govern parasite transmission. Additionally, we highlight some outstanding questions that need to be answered for the complete understanding of parasite\u2013vector\u2013host interactions in leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T10:04:51Z","timestamp":1649066691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Sand flies: Basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cec\u00edlio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Cordeiro-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiano","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehane, M. J. Biology of Blood-Sucking Insects 2nd edn (ed M. J. Lehane) (Cambridge University Press, 2005).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610493"},{"key":"3240_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Fact Sheet: Vector-Borne Diseases, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases (2020)."},{"key":"3240_CR3","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, R. R. F., Kendrovski, V. & Montag, D. Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change (eds Marselle, R., Stadler, J., Korn, H., Irvine, K. & Bonn, A.) (Springer, 2019)."},{"key":"3240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008001","volume":"14","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hotez, P. J., Aksoy, S., Brindley, P. J. & Kamhawi, S. What constitutes a neglected tropical disease? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008001 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR5","first-page":"204993612096644","volume":"7","author":"DA Alvarez-Hernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez-Hernandez, D. A., Rivero-Zambrano, L., Martinez-Juarez, L. A. & Garcia-Rodriguez-Arana, R. Overcoming the global burden of neglected tropical diseases. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis. 7, 2049936120966449 (2020).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005424","volume":"11","author":"JR Herricks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herricks, J. R. et al. The global burden of disease study 2013: What does it mean for the NTDs? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005424 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349","volume":"10","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M. et al. A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004349 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.003","volume":"37","author":"PA Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates, P. A. Transmission of Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies. Int. J. Parasitol. 37, 1097\u20131106 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burza, S., Croft, S. L. & Boelaert, M. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 392, 951\u2013970 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-122","volume":"6","author":"J Cunha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cunha, J. et al. Characterization of the biology and infectivity of Leishmania infantum viscerotropic and dermotropic strains isolated from HIV+ and HIV\u2212 patients in the murine model of visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasit. Vectors 6, 122 (2013).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000054","volume":"106","author":"S Ranasinghe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, S. et al. Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37 isolated from an autochthonous visceral Leishmaniasis patient in Sri Lanka. Pathog. Glob. Health 106, 421\u2013424 (2012).","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"3240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.181","volume":"145","author":"F Weiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiss, F., Vogenthaler, N., Franco-Paredes, C. & Parker, S. R. Leishmania tropica-induced cutaneous and presumptive concomitant viscerotropic Leishmaniasis with prolonged incubation. Arch. Dermatol. 145, 1023\u20131026 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"3240_CR13","first-page":"480","volume":"5","author":"P Cecilio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cecilio, P. et al. Deception and manipulation: the arms of Leishmania, a successful parasite. Front. Immunol. 5, 480 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.380","volume":"61","author":"A Belli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Belli, A. et al. Widespread atypical cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) Chagasi in Nicaragua. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 380\u2013385 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"3240_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000251810.61080.33","volume":"83","author":"WT Clemente","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clemente, W. T., Couto, C. A., Ribeiro, D. D., de Medeiros Chaves Franca, M. & Sanches, M. D. An atypical course of visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 83, 368\u2013369 (2007).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"3240_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70833-3","volume":"15","author":"E Diro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diro, E. et al. Atypical manifestations of visceral Leishmaniasis in patients with HIV in north Ethiopia: A gap in guidelines for the management of opportunistic infections in resource poor settings. Lancet Infect. Dis. 15, 122\u2013129 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12556","volume":"20","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Griensven, J., Carrillo, E., Lopez-Velez, R., Lynen, L. & Moreno, J. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20, 286\u2013299 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"3240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.006","volume":"171","author":"P Jambulingam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jambulingam, P., Pradeep Kumar, N., Nandakumar, S., Paily, K. P. & Srinivasan, R. Domestic dogs as reservoir hosts for Leishmania donovani in the southernmost Western Ghats in India. Acta Trop. 171, 64\u201367 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"3240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003","volume":"5","author":"J Dereure","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dereure, J. et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: Parasite identification in humans and dogs; host\u2212parasite relationships. Microbes Infect. 5, 1103\u20131108 (2003).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"3240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007594","volume":"122","author":"DA Elnaiem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elnaiem, D. A. et al. The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral Leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Parasitology 122, 531\u2013536 (2001).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gradoni, L. The Leishmaniases: Old Neglected Tropical Diseases (eds Bruschi, F. & Gradoni, L.) 1\u201313 (Springer International Publishing, 2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72386-0_1"},{"key":"3240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005529","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005529","volume":"11","author":"S Kamhawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamhawi, S. The yin and yang of Leishmaniasis control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005529 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.021","volume":"9","author":"A Oryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oryan, A. & Akbari, M. Worldwide risk factors in Leishmaniasis. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 9, 925\u2013932 (2016).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"3240_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.06.019","volume":"14","author":"A Pavli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavli, A. & Maltezou, H. C. Leishmaniasis, an emerging infection in travelers. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14, e1032\u2013e1039 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.04.038","volume":"167","author":"I Berry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berry, I. & Berrang-Ford, L. Leishmaniasis, conflict, and political terror: A spatio-temporal analysis. Soc. Sci. Med. 167, 140\u2013149 (2016).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"3240_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1407.071589","volume":"14","author":"JC Dujardin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dujardin, J. C. et al. Spread of vector-borne diseases and neglect of Leishmaniasis, Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1013\u20131018 (2008).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kholoud, K., Denis, S., Lahouari, B., El Hidan, M. A. & Souad, B. Management of Leishmaniases in the era of climate change in Morocco. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15071542 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071542"},{"key":"3240_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimabukuro, P. H. F., de Andrade, A. J. & Galati, E. A. B. Checklist of American sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): genera, species, and their distribution. Zookeys 660, 67\u2013106 (2017).","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.660.10508"},{"key":"3240_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lane, R. P. Medical Insects and Arachnids (Springer, 1993).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1554-4"},{"key":"3240_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvorak, V., Shaw, J. & Volf, P. The Leishmaniases: Old Neglected Tropical Diseases (eds Bruschi, F. & Gradoni, F.) 31\u201377 (Springer International Publishing, 2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72386-0_3"},{"key":"3240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","volume":"27","author":"M Maroli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maroli, M., Feliciangeli, M. D., Bichaud, L., Charrel, R. N. & Gradoni, L. Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of Leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern. Med. Vet. Entomol. 27, 123\u2013147 (2013).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR32","unstructured":"ECDC. Phlebotomine sand flies\u2014factsheet for experts, https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/disease-vectors\/facts\/phlebotomine-sand-flies (2014)."},{"key":"3240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[150:EOTOMO]2.0.CO;2","volume":"44","author":"I Benkova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benkova, I. & Volf, P. Effect of temperature on metabolism of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 44, 150\u2013154 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38994-w","volume":"9","author":"K Erguler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erguler, K. et al. A climate-driven and field data-assimilated population dynamics model of sand flies. Sci. Rep. 9, 2469 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3240_CR35","first-page":"328","volume":"30","author":"OE Kasap","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kasap, O. E. & Alten, B. Laboratory estimation of degree-day developmental requirements of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). J. Vector Ecol. 30, 328\u2013333 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"3240_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","volume":"17","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick, R. The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies. Clin. Dermatol. 17, 279\u2013289 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"3240_CR37","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick, R. World Class Parasites: Leishmania (ed Farrell, J. P.) (Springer, 2001)."},{"key":"3240_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Service, M. Medical Entomology for Students (Cambridge University Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139002967"},{"key":"3240_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017041","volume":"24","author":"P Lawyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawyer, P., Killick-Kendrick, M., Rowland, T., Rowton, E. & Volf, P. Laboratory colonization and mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae). Parasite 24, 42 (2017).","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"3240_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00106.x","volume":"36","author":"P Volf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Volf, P. & Volfova, V. Establishment and maintenance of sand fly colonies. J. Vector Ecol. 36, S1\u2013S9 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"3240_CR41","unstructured":"Rutledge, L. C. & Gupta, R. K. Medical and Veterinary Entomology (eds Mullen, G. & Durden, L.) (Academic Press, 2002)."},{"key":"3240_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0883-5","volume":"8","author":"A Gebresilassie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gebresilassie, A. et al. Host-feeding preference of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral Leishmaniasis in northern Ethiopia. Parasit. Vectors 8, 270 (2015).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02352-8","volume":"18","author":"E Handman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Handman, E. & Bullen, D. V. Interaction of Leishmania with the host macrophage. Trends Parasitol. 18, 332\u2013334 (2002).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991156","volume":"136","author":"RJ Quinnell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quinnell, R. J. & Courtenay, O. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasitology 136, 1915\u20131934 (2009).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR45","unstructured":"USA_Department_of_Defense. Sand Flies - Significance, Surveillance, and Control in ContingencyOperations (Armed Forces Pest Management Board, 2015)."},{"key":"3240_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.028","volume":"28","author":"M Abdeladhim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdeladhim, M., Kamhawi, S. & Valenzuela, J. G. What\u2019s behind a sand fly bite? The profound effect of sand fly saliva on host hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Infect. Genet. Evol. 28, 691\u2013703 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"3240_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002919","volume":"8","author":"MF Minnick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minnick, M. F. et al. Oroya fever and verruga peruana: bartonelloses unique to South America. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2919 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005863","volume":"12","author":"MJ Pons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pons, M. J., Gomes, C., Del Valle-Mendoza, J. & Ruiz, J. Carrion\u2019s disease: More than a sand fly-vectored illness. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005863 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005660","volume":"11","author":"M Moriconi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moriconi, M. et al. Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human Leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005660 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.011","volume":"5","author":"RM Elliott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elliott, R. M. & Brennan, B. Emerging phleboviruses. Curr. Opin. Virol. 5, 50\u201357 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"3240_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.005","volume":"100","author":"C Alkan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alkan, C. et al. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antivir. Res. 100, 54\u201374 (2013).","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"3240_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03498-14","volume":"53","author":"BA Howell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howell, B. A., Azar, M. M., Landry, M. L. & Shaw, A. C. Toscana virus encephalitis in a traveler returning to the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1445\u20131447 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.041122","volume":"11","author":"CN Peyrefitte","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peyrefitte, C. N. et al. Toscana virus and acute meningitis, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 778\u2013780 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.06.003","volume":"11","author":"PA Bates","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bates, P. A. Leishmania sand fly interaction: Progress and challenges. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11, 340\u2013344 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x","volume":"4","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Killick-Kendrick, R. Phlebotomine vectors of the Leishmaniases: a review. Med. Vet. Entomol. 4, 1\u201324 (1990).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR56","unstructured":"WHO. Control of the Leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser xii-xiii, 1\u2013186 (World Health Organization (WHO), 2010)."},{"key":"3240_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.12.010","volume":"23","author":"P Volf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Volf, P. & Myskova, J. Sand flies and Leishmania: Specific versus permissive vectors. Trends Parasitol. 23, 91\u201392 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa203","volume":"222","author":"P Cecilio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cecilio, P. et al. Exploring Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly vector competence for Leishmania major parasites. J. Infect. Dis. 222, 1199\u20131203 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-276","volume":"5","author":"A Dostalova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dostalova, A. & Volf, P. Leishmania development in sand flies: Parasite\u2013vector interactions overview. Parasit. Vectors 5, 276 (2012).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.06.012","volume":"22","author":"S Kamhawi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamhawi, S. Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania parasites: Friends or foes? Trends Parasitol. 22, 439\u2013445 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.10.009","volume":"119","author":"S Kamhawi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamhawi, S. et al. A role for insect galectins in parasite survival. Cell 119, 329\u2013341 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3240_CR62","first-page":"193","volume":"4","author":"CL Forestier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forestier, C. L., Gao, Q. & Boons, G. J. Leishmania lipophosphoglycan: How to establish structure-activity relationships for this highly complex and multifunctional glycoconjugate? Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 4, 193 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1695-y","volume":"9","author":"J Myskova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Myskova, J. et al. Characterization of a midgut mucin-like glycoconjugate of Lutzomyia longipalpis with a potential role in Leishmania attachment. Parasit. Vectors 9, 413 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/1874421401004010195","volume":"4","author":"M Ramalho-Ortigao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramalho-Ortigao, M., Saraiva, E. M. & Traub-Cseko, Y. M. Sand fly-Leishmania interactions: long relationships are not necessarily easy. Open Parasitol. J. 4, 195\u2013204 (2010).","journal-title":"Open Parasitol. J."},{"key":"3240_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.1.134","volume":"37","author":"E Nieves","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nieves, E. & Pimenta, P. F. Development of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the sand fly Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 37, 134\u2013140 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.31","volume":"43","author":"PG Lawyer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lawyer, P. G. et al. Development of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus duboscqi and Sergentomyia schwetzi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 43, 31\u201343 (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"3240_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00223","volume":"3","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rogers, M. E. The role of leishmania proteophosphoglycans in sand fly transmission and infection of the Mammalian host. Front. Microbiol. 3, 223 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001510","volume":"115","author":"PF Pimenta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pimenta, P. F., Modi, G. B., Pereira, S. T., Shahabuddin, M. & Sacks, D. L. A novel role for the peritrophic matrix in protecting Leishmania from the hydrolytic activities of the sand fly midgut. Parasitology 115, 359\u2013369 (1997).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2613-2","volume":"11","author":"K Pruzinova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pruzinova, K. et al. Leishmania mortality in sand fly blood meal is not species-specific and does not result from direct effect of proteinases. Parasit. Vectors 11, 37 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200254","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-37652021xxxx","volume":"93","author":"FD Rego","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rego, F. D. & Soares, R. P. Lutzomyia longipalpis: An update on this sand fly vector. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 93, e20200254 (2021).","journal-title":"Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"3240_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-62","volume":"2","author":"MR Sant\u2019anna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sant\u2019anna, M. R., Diaz-Albiter, H., Mubaraki, M., Dillon, R. J. & Bates, P. A. Inhibition of trypsin expression in Lutzomyia longipalpis using RNAi enhances the survival of Leishmania. Parasit. Vectors 2, 62 (2009).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2020.103393","volume":"122","author":"TL Silva Fernandes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva Fernandes, T. L. et al. Galactosamine reduces sandfly gut protease activity through TOR downregulation and increases Lutzomyia susceptibility to Leishmania. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 122, 103393 (2020).","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"3240_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.6.928","volume":"42","author":"NF Secundino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Secundino, N. F., Eger-Mangrich, I., Braga, E. M., Santoro, M. M. & Pimenta, P. F. Lutzomyia longipalpis peritrophic matrix: formation, structure, and chemical composition. J. Med. Entomol. 42, 928\u2013938 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006382","volume":"12","author":"J Sadlova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadlova, J., Homola, M., Myskova, J., Jancarova, M. & Volf, P. Refractoriness of Sergentomyia schwetzi to Leishmania spp. is mediated by the peritrophic matrix. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006382 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilson, R. et al. Stage-specific adhesion of Leishmania promastigotes to sand fly midguts assessed using an improved comparative binding assay. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000816 (2010).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000816"},{"key":"3240_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-186","volume":"6","author":"J Sadlova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadlova, J. et al. Sergentomyia schwetzi is not a competent vector for Leishmania donovani and other Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. Parasit. Vectors 6, 186 (2013).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00142-5","volume":"33","author":"SM Gossage","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gossage, S. M., Rogers, M. E. & Bates, P. A. Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies: Implications for understanding the life cycle. Int. J. Parasitol. 33, 1027\u20131034 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002001439","volume":"124","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rogers, M. E., Chance, M. L. & Bates, P. A. The role of promastigote secretory gel in the origin and transmission of the infective stage of Leishmania mexicana by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasitology 124, 495\u2013507 (2002).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001833","volume":"6","author":"TD Serafim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Serafim, T. D. et al. Leishmania metacyclogenesis is promoted in the absence of purines. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1833 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sunter, J. & Gull, K. Shape, form, function and Leishmania pathogenicity: from textbook descriptions to biological understanding. Open Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.170165 (2017).","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170165"},{"key":"3240_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01132.x","volume":"10","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rogers, M. E. et al. Leishmania chitinase facilitates colonization of sand fly vectors and enhances transmission to mice. Cell Microbiol. 10, 1363\u20131372 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9944","volume":"89","author":"Y Schlein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schlein, Y., Jacobson, R. L. & Messer, G. Leishmania infections damage the feeding mechanism of the sandfly vector and implement parasite transmission by bite. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9944\u20139948 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"3240_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.07.010","volume":"34","author":"P Volf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Volf, P., Hajmova, M., Sadlova, J. & Votypka, J. Blocked stomodeal valve of the insect vector: similar mechanism of transmission in two trypanosomatid models. Int. J. Parasitol. 34, 1221\u20131227 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008014","volume":"14","author":"IV Coutinho-Abreu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coutinho-Abreu, I. V. et al. Distinct gene expression patterns in vector-residing Leishmania infantum identify parasite stage-enriched markers. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008014 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557","volume":"58","author":"PD Ready","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ready, P. D. Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58, 227\u2013250 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"3240_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0125-7","volume":"3","author":"TD Serafim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serafim, T. D. et al. Sequential blood meals promote Leishmania replication and reverse metacyclogenesis augmenting vector infectivity. Nat. Microbiol. 3, 548\u2013555 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"3240_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1413-9","volume":"9","author":"C Loeuillet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loeuillet, C., Banuls, A. L. & Hide, M. Study of Leishmania pathogenesis in mice: Experimental considerations. Parasit. Vectors 9, 144 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030091","volume":"3","author":"ME Rogers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rogers, M. E. & Bates, P. A. Leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. PLoS Pathog. 3, e91 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006794","volume":"14","author":"E Giraud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giraud, E. et al. Leishmania proteophosphoglycans regurgitated from infected sand flies accelerate dermal wound repair and exacerbate Leishmaniasis via insulin-like growth factor 1-dependent signalling. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1006794 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.02.001","volume":"51","author":"A Abdoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdoli, A., Maspi, N. & Ghaffarifar, F. Wound healing in cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A double edged sword of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 51, 15\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00969.x","volume":"29","author":"T Baldwin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baldwin, T. et al. Wound healing response is a major contributor to the severity of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the ear model of infection. Parasite Immunol. 29, 501\u2013513 (2007).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.058","volume":"13","author":"VD Atayde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atayde, V. D. et al. Exosome secretion by the parasitic protozoan Leishmania within the sand fly midgut. Cell Rep. 13, 957\u2013967 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"3240_CR93","first-page":"1541708","volume":"8","author":"B Perez-Cabezas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Cabezas, B. et al. More than just exosomes: Distinct Leishmania infantum extracellular products potentiate the establishment of infection. J. Extracell. Vesicles 8, 1541708 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"3240_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01964.x","volume":"66","author":"BB Andrade","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrade, B. B., de Oliveira, C. I., Brodskyn, C. I., Barral, A. & Barral-Netto, M. Role of sand fly saliva in human and experimental Leishmaniasis: Current insights. Scand. J. Immunol. 66, 122\u2013127 (2007).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005600","volume":"11","author":"T Lestinova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lestinova, T., Rohousova, I., Sima, M., de Oliveira, C. I. & Volf, P. Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005600 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001014","volume":"145","author":"EL Telleria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Telleria, E. L., Martins-da-Silva, A., Tempone, A. J. & Traub-Cseko, Y. M. Leishmania, microbiota, and sand fly immunity. Parasitology 145, 1336\u20131353 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelly, P. H. et al. The Gut microbiome of the vector lutzomyia longipalpis is essential for survival of Leishmania infantum. mBio https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01121-16 (2017).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01121-16"},{"key":"3240_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.002","volume":"23","author":"R Dey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dey, R. et al. Gut microbes egested during bites of infected sand flies augment severity of Leishmaniasis via inflammasome-derived IL-1beta. Cell Host Microbe 23, 134\u2013143 e136 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3240_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159194","volume":"321","author":"NC Peters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peters, N. C. et al. In vivo imaging reveals an essential role for neutrophils in Leishmaniasis transmitted by sand flies. Science 321, 970\u2013974 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3240_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12674","volume":"182","author":"ED Carlsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlsen, E. D. et al. Permissive and protective roles for neutrophils in Leishmaniasis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 182, 109\u2013118 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00110","volume":"3","author":"R Gomes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomes, R. & Oliveira, F. The immune response to sand fly salivary proteins and its influence on Leishmania immunity. Front. Immunol. 3, 110 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.10.1941","volume":"188","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"1998","unstructured":"Belkaid, Y. et al. Development of a natural model of cutaneous Leishmaniasis: powerful effects of vector saliva and saliva preexposure on the long-term outcome of Leishmania major infection in the mouse ear dermis. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1941\u20131953 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"3240_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3344436","volume":"239","author":"RG Titus","year":"1988","unstructured":"Titus, R. G. & Ribeiro, J. M. Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239, 1306\u20131308 (1988).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3240_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vojtkova, B. et al. Repeated sand fly bites of infected BALB\/c mice enhance the development of Leishmania lesions. Front. Trop. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fitd.2021.745104 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.745104"},{"key":"3240_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23002-5","volume":"12","author":"AB Guimaraes-Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guimaraes-Costa, A. B. et al. A sand fly salivary protein acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Nat. Commun. 12, 3213 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3240_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006571","volume":"13","author":"O Courtenay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Courtenay, O., Peters, N. C., Rogers, M. E. & Bern, C. Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control. PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006571 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix115","volume":"215","author":"JG Valverde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valverde, J. G. et al. Increased transmissibility of Leishmania donovani from the mammalian host to vector sand flies after multiple exposures to sand fly bites. J. Infect. Dis. 215, 1285\u20131293 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831","volume":"14","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson, A. L. et al. The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0007831 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004458","volume":"10","author":"B Alten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alten, B. et al. Seasonal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of mediterranean Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004458 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3019-x","volume":"11","author":"B Chalghaf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalghaf, B. et al. Ecological niche modeling predicting the potential distribution of Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin: Impact of climate change. Parasit. Vectors 11, 461 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Louradour, I. et al. The midgut microbiota plays an essential role in sand fly vector competence for Leishmania major. Cell Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cmi.12755 (2017).","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12755"},{"key":"3240_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-329","volume":"7","author":"MR Sant\u2019Anna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sant\u2019Anna, M. R. et al. Colonisation resistance in the sand fly gut: Leishmania protects Lutzomyia longipalpis from bacterial infection. Parasit. Vectors 7, 329 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O340","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12404","volume":"20","author":"B Faucher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faucher, B. et al. Presence of sandflies infected with Leishmania infantum and Massilia virus in the Marseille urban area. Clin. Microbiol Infect. 20, O340\u2013O343 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"3240_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120220","volume":"32","author":"PD Crompton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crompton, P. D. et al. Malaria immunity in man and mosquito: Insights into unsolved mysteries of a deadly infectious disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 32, 157\u2013187 (2014).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"3240_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63402-z","volume":"10","author":"V Vargas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vargas, V., Cime-Castillo, J. & Lanz-Mendoza, H. Immune priming with inactive dengue virus during the larval stage of Aedes aegypti protects against the infection in adult mosquitoes. Sci. Rep. 10, 6723 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3240_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecilio, P., Oliveira, F. & Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. Vaccines for Human Leishmaniasis: Where Do We Stand and What Is Still Missing? Leishmaniases as Re-emerging Diseases (ed. Afrin, F.) (IntechOpen, 2018).","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.75000"},{"key":"3240_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75410-0","volume":"10","author":"P Cecilio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cecilio, P. et al. Engineering a vector-based pan-Leishmania vaccine for humans: proof of principle. Sci. Rep. 10, 18653 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3240_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005951","volume":"11","author":"P Cecilio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cecilio, P. et al. Pre-clinical antigenicity studies of an innovative multivalent vaccine for human visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005951 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernandez, L. et al. Protective efficacy in a Hamster model of a multivalent vaccine for human visceral Leishmaniasis (MuLeVaClin) consisting of the KMP11, LEISH-F3+, and LJL143 antigens in virosomes, plus GLA-SE adjuvant. Microorganisms https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9112253 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112253"},{"key":"3240_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003923","volume":"10","author":"AC Chagas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chagas, A. C. et al. Lundep, a sand fly salivary endonuclease increases Leishmania parasite survival in neutrophils and inhibits XIIa contact activation in human plasma. PLoS Pathog. 10, e1003923 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007006","volume":"14","author":"I Martin-Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin-Martin, I. et al. Immunity to LuloHya and Lundep, the salivary spreading factors from Lutzomyia longipalpis, protects against Leishmania major infection. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1007006 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000484","volume":"5","author":"NC Peters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peters, N. C. et al. Vector transmission of Leishmania abrogates vaccine-induced protective immunity. PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000484 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"3240_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.002","volume":"33","author":"JA Cotton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cotton, J. A. The expanding world of human Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol. 33, 341\u2013344 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"3240_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014011","volume":"21","author":"N Desbois","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desbois, N., Pratlong, F., Quist, D. & Dedet, J. P. Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), description of the parasite responsible for cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Martinique Island (French West Indies). Parasite 21, 12 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"3240_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2908-3","volume":"11","author":"N Jariyapan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jariyapan, N. et al. Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Parasit. Vectors 11, 351 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"3240_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofy281","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy281","volume":"5","author":"C Olivo Freites","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olivo Freites, C. et al. First case of diffuse Leishmaniasis associated with leishmania panamensis. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 5, ofy281 (2018).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3339","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003339","volume":"8","author":"T Pothirat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pothirat, T. et al. First isolation of Leishmania from Northern Thailand: Case report, identification as Leishmania martiniquensis and phylogenetic position within the Leishmania enriettii complex. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e3339 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3240_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004","volume":"3","author":"AL Roque","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roque, A. L. & Jansen, A. M. Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 3, 251\u2013262 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"3240_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002092","volume":"145","author":"OA Espinosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Espinosa, O. A., Serrano, M. G., Camargo, E. P., Teixeira, M. M. G. & Shaw, J. J. An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum. Parasitology 145, 430\u2013442 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"3240_CR130","unstructured":"Dillon, R. Introduction to sand flies: life cycle, http:\/\/pcwww.liv.ac.uk\/leishmania\/life_cycle__habitats.htm (2008)."},{"key":"3240_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006769","volume":"12","author":"I Martin-Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin-Martin, I., Aryan, A., Meneses, C., Adelman, Z. N. & Calvo, E. Optimization of sand fly embryo microinjection for gene editing by CRISPR\/Cas9. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006769 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-022-03240-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-022-03240-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-022-03240-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T08:28:22Z","timestamp":1669364902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-022-03240-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"305"}}