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However, proficient methods to detect A\u03b2-oligomers in brain tissue are lacking. Here we show that synthetic M13 bacteriophages displaying A\u03b2-derived peptides on their surface preferentially interact with A\u03b2-oligomers. When exposed to brain tissue isolated from APP\/PS1-transgenic mice, these bacteriophages detect small-sized A\u03b2-aggregates in hippocampus at an early age, prior to the occurrence of A\u03b2-plaques. Similarly, the bacteriophages reveal the presence of such small A\u03b2-aggregates in <jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic> hippocampus tissue of AD-patients. These results advocate bacteriophages displaying A\u03b2-peptides as a convenient and low-cost tool to identify A\u03b2-oligomers in <jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic> brain tissue of AD-model mice and AD-patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05806-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T11:02:48Z","timestamp":1706353368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["M13 phage grafted with peptide motifs as a tool to detect amyloid-\u03b2 oligomers in brain tissue"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivone M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wim","family":"de Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana S.","family":"Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niek","family":"Brosens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Aronica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leon D.","family":"Kluskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4662-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio M.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5180-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Azeredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut W.","family":"Kessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-04050.2000","volume":"20","author":"L Mucke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mucke, L. et al. 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