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Fungi affect decomposition and biotic interactions with plants across scales. Climate projections suggest that extended dry seasons may transform sensitive rain\u00a0forests into savanna-like vegetation, with consequent changes in biogeochemistry. Here we compare the impacts of natural seasonality with 14 years of partial throughfall exclusion in an Amazonian rain\u00a0forest, focussing on soil fungal functional diversity, extracellular soil enzyme activities (EEA) and their implications for nutrient dynamics. Large changes in fungal diversity and functional group composition occur in response to drought, with a\u00a0conspicuous increase in the abundance of\u00a0dark-septate fungi and a\u00a0decrease in fungal pathogens. The high seasonality of EEA in the control\u00a0(non droughted) and suppression of seasonality in the drought treatment, together with an increased implied nitrogen demand in the dry season induced by experimental drought, suggest that the changed soil microbiota activity may signal a pending shift in the biogeochemical functioning of the forest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00124-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T11:03:12Z","timestamp":1615374192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effects of natural and experimental drought on soil fungi and biogeochemistry in an Amazon rain forest"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Buscardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R\u00f4mulo C.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Geml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven K.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio C. 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