{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1763737412137,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hold promise for high-efficiency photovoltaic technology but face commercialization challenges due to scaling difficulties. A common approach for scaling PSCs involves creating perovskite solar modules (PSMs) with subcells connected in series, using P1, P2, and P3 laser scribing process to reduce interconnection losses. In this study, a standard nanosecond pulse UV laser was used to perform these scribes. Here we demonstrated that, by employing a single 45\u2009\u00b5m laser line for each scribe, it can significantly reduce the dead area, resulting in exceptionally high geometric fill factors (GFFs). In inverted PSMs with active areas of 4.0\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 10.8\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , it was reached GFFs of 99.3% and 98.8%, respectively. To the best of author\u2019s knowledge, this work demonstrates the first successful use of a single nanosecond laser source for continuous P1-P2-P3 scribing, achieving a dead area as low as 0.7% in a 4\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    module.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-025-00512-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:32:09Z","timestamp":1763728329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inverted perovskite solar modules with 99.3% geometrical fill factor via nanosecond single laser patterning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s E. R.","family":"Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-6763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera C. M.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"512_CR1","unstructured":"IRENA. World Energy Transitions Outlook 2024: 1.5\u00b0C Pathway. https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Nov\/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2024 (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2024)."},{"key":"512_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b00136","volume":"30","author":"M Saliba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saliba, M. et al. How to make over 20% efficient perovskite solar cells in regular (n\u2013i\u2013p) and inverted (p\u2013i\u2013n) architectures. Chem. Mater. 30, 4193\u20134201 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r","volume":"131","author":"A Kojima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y. & Miyasaka, T. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6050\u20136051 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"512_CR4","unstructured":"NREL. Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency.html (2024)."},{"key":"512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0200-6","volume":"3","author":"NJ Jeon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeon, N. J. et al. A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy 3, 682\u2013689 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03406-5","volume":"592","author":"J Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong, J. et al. Pseudo-halide anion engineering for \u03b1-FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Nature 592, 381\u2013385 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"512_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-022-00325-4","volume":"4","author":"ASR Bati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bati, A. S. R. et al. Next-generation applications for integrated perovskite solar cells. Commun. Mater. 4, 2 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9282","volume":"360","author":"D Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo, D. et al. Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Science 360, 1442\u20131446 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202100952","volume":"10","author":"J Pr\u00edncipe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pr\u00edncipe, J., Duarte, V. C. M. & Andrade, L. Inverted perovskite solar cells: the emergence of a highly stable and efficient architecture. Energy Technol. 10, 2100952 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"512_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408101","volume":"36","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. High-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells via in situ passivation directed crystallization. Adv. Mater. 36, 2408101 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.07.030","volume":"3","author":"E Bi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bi, E. et al. Efficient perovskite solar cell modules with high stability enabled by iodide diffusion barriers. Joule 3, 2748\u20132760 (2019).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"512_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5700","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA01134A","volume":"4","author":"Y Galagan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galagan, Y., Coenen, E. W. C., Verhees, W. J. H. & Andriessen, R. Towards the scaling up of perovskite solar cells and modules. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 5700\u20135705 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"512_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE01923B","volume":"13","author":"J Werner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Werner, J. et al. Learning from existing photovoltaic technologies to identify alternative perovskite module designs. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 3393\u20133403 (2020).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"512_CR14","first-page":"94","volume":"7","author":"F Jamaatisomarin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamaatisomarin, F., Chen, R., Hosseini-Zavareh, S. & Lei, S. Laser scribing of photovoltaic solar thin films: a review. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 7, 94 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Mater. Process."},{"key":"512_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0176-2","volume":"5","author":"N-G Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, N.-G. & Zhu, K. Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 333\u2013350 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201900432","volume":"4","author":"AL Palma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palma, A. L. Laser-processed perovskite solar cells and modules. Sol. RRL 4, 1900432 (2020).","journal-title":"Sol. RRL"},{"key":"512_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2016.2626144","volume":"7","author":"L Rakocevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rakocevic, L. et al. Interconnection optimization for highly efficient perovskite modules. IEEE J. Photovolt. 7, 404\u2013408 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Photovolt."},{"key":"512_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11121127","volume":"11","author":"F Di Giacomo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Giacomo, F. et al. Upscaling inverted perovskite solar cells: optimization of laser scribing for highly efficient mini-modules. Micromachines 11, 1127 (2020).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"512_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201900338","volume":"3","author":"L Rakocevic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakocevic, L. et al. Loss analysis in perovskite photovoltaic modules. Sol. RRL 3, 1900338 (2019).","journal-title":"Sol. RRL"},{"key":"512_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.01.074","volume":"198","author":"C Schultz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schultz, C. et al. Ablation mechanisms of nanosecond and picosecond laser scribing for metal halide perovskite module interconnection\u2014an experimental and numerical analysis. Sol. Energy 198, 410\u2013418 (2020).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"512_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.202000969","volume":"9","author":"M Fenske","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fenske, M. et al. Improved electrical performance of perovskite photovoltaic mini-modules through controlled PbI2 formation using nanosecond laser pulses for P3 patterning. Energy Technol. 9, 2000969 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"512_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202103420","volume":"12","author":"LA Castriotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castriotta, L. A. et al. Reducing losses in perovskite large area solar technology: laser design optimization for highly efficient modules and minipanels. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2103420 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"512_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, L. et al. Preparation of high geometric filling factor perovskite module and feasibility study on electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Catalysts 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/catal13060953 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13060953"},{"key":"512_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3312","volume":"28","author":"L Rakocevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rakocevic, L. et al. Perovskite modules with 99% geometrical fill factor using point contact interconnections design. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 28, 1120\u20131127 (2020).","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"512_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3489","volume":"30","author":"DB Ritzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ritzer, D. B. et al. Upscaling of perovskite solar modules: the synergy of fully evaporated layer fabrication and all-laser-scribed interconnections. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 30, 360\u2013373 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl."},{"key":"512_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202400115","volume":"14","author":"F Di Giacomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Giacomo, F., Castriotta, L. A., Matteocci, F. & Di Carlo, A. Beyond 99.5% geometrical fill factor in perovskite solar minimodules with advanced laser structuring. Adv. Energy Mater. 14, 2400115 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"512_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj7930","volume":"7","author":"M Degani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Degani, M. et al. 23.7% Efficient inverted perovskite solar cells by dual interfacial modification. Sci. Adv. 7, eabj7930 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"512_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12459","volume":"6","author":"FU Kosasih","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kosasih, F. U. et al. Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules. Energy Environ. Mater. 6, e12459 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.05.011","volume":"2","author":"DH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, D. H., Whitaker, J. B., Li, Z., van Hest, M. F. A. M. & Zhu, K. Outlook and challenges of perovskite solar cells toward terawatt-scale photovoltaic module technology. Joule 2, 1437\u20131451 (2018).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"512_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40844","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03560","volume":"7","author":"D Castro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro, D., Duarte, V. C. M. & Andrade, L. Perovskite solar modules: design optimization. ACS Omega 7, 40844\u201340852 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"512_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907361","volume":"32","author":"C Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Tailoring C60 for efficient inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells and modules. Adv. Mater. 32, 1907361 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe8130","volume":"7","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, S., Xiao, X., Gu, H. & Huang, J. Iodine reduction for reproducible and high-performance perovskite solar cells and modules. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe8130 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"512_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202210610","volume":"61","author":"J Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin, J., Shi, X., Wang, L., Yan, H. & Chen, S. High-performance inverted perovskite solar devices enabled by a polyfullerene electron transporting material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202210610 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"512_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00697","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Minimizing the interface-driven losses in inverted perovskite solar cells and modules. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 2532\u20132542 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"512_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13022","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c17893","volume":"13","author":"J Dagar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dagar, J. et al. Compositional and interfacial engineering yield high-performance and stable p-i-n perovskite solar cells and mini-modules. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 13022\u201313033 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"512_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12455","volume":"6","author":"LA Castriotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castriotta, L. A. et al. Stable methylammonium-free p-i-n perovskite solar cells and mini-modules with phenothiazine dimers as hole-transporting materials. Energy Environ. Mater. 6, e12455 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214774","volume":"33","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Efficient inverted perovskite solar cells with a fill factor over 86% via surface modification of the nickel oxide hole contact. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2214774 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00831-8","volume":"6","author":"Y Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. Defect compensation in formamidinium\u2013caesium perovskites for highly efficient solar mini-modules with improved photostability. Nat. Energy 6, 633\u2013641 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"512_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi6323","volume":"373","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Stabilizing perovskite-substrate interfaces for high-performance perovskite modules. Science 373, 902\u2013907 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"512_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.07.003","volume":"4","author":"Y Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. Reduced self-doping of perovskites induced by short annealing for efficient solar modules. Joule 4, 1949\u20131960 (2020).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"512_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c01487","volume":"6","author":"B Niu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niu, B. et al. Mitigating the lead leakage of high-performance perovskite solar cells via in situ polymerized networks. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 3443\u20133449 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"512_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6794","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c22396","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Self-assembled donor\u2013acceptor dyad molecules stabilize the heterojunction of inverted perovskite solar cells and modules. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 6794\u20136800 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"512_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202300283","volume":"7","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Uniform coverage functional layers enable high-efficient flexible perovskite solar modules with an outstanding fill factor. Sol. RRL 7, 2300283 (2023).","journal-title":"Sol. RRL"},{"key":"512_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0153-9","volume":"3","author":"Y Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules. Nat. Energy 3, 560\u2013566 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"512_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202200945","volume":"7","author":"C Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Effect of laser scribing on coating, drying, and crystallization of absorber layer of perovskite solar cells. Sol. RRL 7, 2200945 (2023).","journal-title":"Sol. RRL"},{"key":"512_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade9463","volume":"380","author":"C Fei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fei, C. et al. Lead-chelating hole-transport layers for efficient and stable perovskite minimodules. Science 380, 823\u2013829 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"512_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202202287","volume":"12","author":"Y Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Can nanosecond laser achieve high-performance perovskite solar modules with aperture area efficiency over 21%?. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2202287 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"512_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300169","volume":"35","author":"T Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, T. et al. Graphene-like conjugated molecule as hole-selective contact for operationally stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules. Adv. Mater. 35, 2300169 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"512_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202301695","volume":"33","author":"AZ Afshord","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afshord, A. Z. et al. Efficient and stable inverted wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells and modules enabled by hybrid evaporation-solution method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2301695 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["Communications Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00512-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00512-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00512-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T14:04:20Z","timestamp":1763733860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44172-025-00512-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44172-025-00512-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-3395"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-3395"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"198"}}