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Agric."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urbanization and population growth are shrinking lowland rice areas, compelling exploration of Asia\u2019s under\u2011studied highlands for future food security. Using earth observation data from 2000 to 2020 and machine learning method, we analyzed the distribution of paddy (irrigated) rice fields and their driving factors in Asian highlands (&gt;1000\u2009ma.s.l.). Highlands currently host 1.489\u2009\u00b1\u20090.176 millionha of rice, concentrated in the Tianshan\u2013Tarim Basin, Hetao Plain along the Yellow River, and Yunnan\u2013Guizhou Plateau. Altitude is the dominant constraint; additional precipitation is associated with reduced rice extent in the highlands, whereas population density and economic growth are associated with expansion. Our scenario modelling projects ~60% expansion and northward shift of high\u2011altitude paddies by 2035, yielding more nutrient\u2011rich, low\u2011contaminant grain and aiding saline\u2013alkali reclamation. These findings highlight substantial, climate\u2011resilient capacity in Asian uplands to bolster sustainable rice supply and regional food security. This integrated assessment fills a critical knowledge gap regarding high\u2011elevation agroecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s44264-025-00107-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T17:23:16Z","timestamp":1766424196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The historical distribution and future expansion of paddy rice fields in Asian highlands"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhongyao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12540","volume":"1324","author":"S Muthayya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muthayya, S. et al. 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