{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:03:10Z","timestamp":1767974590473,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2251,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The present study was designed to evaluate the nature of intervening agents in <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA\u2010 and dopamine\u2010induced neurotoxicity in Neuro\u20102A cells.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>In the absence of cells and in conditions of light protection, at 37\u00b0C, <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA or dopamine (1 m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) in culture medium degraded spontaneously in a time\u2010dependent manner, this being prevented by ascorbic acid (200 \u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) and other antioxidants, namely glutathione (1 m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>), N\u2010acetyl\u2010<jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010cysteine (1 m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>), sodium metabisulphite (200 \u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>), but not N\u2010ter\u2010butyl\u2010\u03b1\u2010phenylnitrone (1 m<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>) and deferoxamine (100 \u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The viability of Neuro\u20102A cells declined following treatment with <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA or dopamine in a concentration\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner. The decrease in cell viability by <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA (10\u00b14% of control) or dopamine (15\u00b14% of control) was markedly attenuated by antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione, N\u2010acetyl\u2010<jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010cysteine and sodium metabisulphite). Autoxidation of <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA or dopamine was accompanied by the formation of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in a time\u2010dependent manner, this being completely prevented by ascorbic acid at 24 h or markedly reduced at 48 h.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Protective effects of 100 U ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> catalase (40\u00b11% of control) against <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA\u2010induced cell death were lower than those conferred by 200 \u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> ascorbic acid (70\u00b13% of control). Catalase\u2010induced protection (59\u00b15% of control) against dopamine\u2010induced cell death was similar to that conferred by 200 \u03bc<jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc> ascorbic acid (57\u00b14% of control). <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA\u2010induced neuronal cell death was also accompanied by increases in caspase\u20103 activity, this being insensitive to ascorbic acid. Dopamine\u2010induced increase in caspase\u20103 activity occurred only when autoxidation of the amine was prevented by ascorbic acid.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>It is suggested that in addition to generation of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and quinone formation, <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\u2010DOPA\u2010 and dopamine\u2010induced cell death may result from induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by increases in caspase\u20103 activity. Dopamine <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> induces apoptosis by a mechanism independent of oxidative stress, as evidenced by the fact that increases in caspase\u20103 activity occurred only when autoxidation of the amine was prevented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>British Journal of Pharmacology<\/jats:italic> (2002) <jats:bold>137<\/jats:bold>, 1305\u20131313. doi:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704982\">10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704982<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,4]],"date-time":"2002-12-04T18:22:03Z","timestamp":1039026123000},"page":"1305-1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Oxidative and non\u2010oxidative mechanisms of neuronal cell death and apoptosis by <scp>L<\/scp>\u20103,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylalanine (<scp>L<\/scp>\u2010DOPA) and dopamine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P","family":"Soares\u2010da\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64020825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb11444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64020718.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(81)90108-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990615)56:6<620::AID-JNR8>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320616"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Influence of neurotoxins and oxidative stress on the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease","volume":"247","author":"FOLEY P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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