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Several neuroscientific studies have demonstrated that the brains of professional musicians and non-musicians differ structurally and functionally and that musical training enhances cognition. However, the molecules and molecular mechanisms involved in music performance remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of music performance on the genome-wide peripheral blood transcriptome of professional musicians by analyzing the transcriptional responses after a 2-hr concert performance and after a \u2018music-free\u2019 control session. The up-regulated genes were found to affect dopaminergic neurotransmission, motor behavior, neuronal plasticity and neurocognitive functions including learning and memory. Particularly, candidate genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>FOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DUSP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    that are involved in song perception and production in songbirds, were identified, suggesting an evolutionary conservation in biological processes related to sound perception\/production. Additionally, modulation of genes related to calcium ion homeostasis, iron ion homeostasis, glutathione metabolism and several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases implied that music performance may affect the biological pathways that are otherwise essential for the proper maintenance of neuronal function and survival. For the first time, this study provides evidence for the candidate genes and molecular mechanisms underlying music performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T13:45:50Z","timestamp":1427291150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The effect of music performance on the transcriptome of professional musicians"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chakravarthi","family":"Kanduri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuire","family":"Kuusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Ahvenainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju K.","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"L\u00e4hdesm\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep09506_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2152","volume":"8","author":"RJ Zatorre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zatorre, R. 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