{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:59:25Z","timestamp":1776160765147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endosymbiosis is widespread among cnidarians and is of high ecological relevance. The tropical sea anemone <jats:italic>Aiptasia<\/jats:italic> sp. is a laboratory model system for endosymbiosis between reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae of the genus <jats:italic>Symbiodinium<\/jats:italic>. Here we identify the key environmental cues to induce reproducible spawning in <jats:italic>Aiptasia<\/jats:italic> under controlled laboratory conditions. We find that simulating a lunar cycle with blue-wavelength light is necessary to promote abundant gamete production and synchronous release in well-fed animals. Sexual reproduction rates are genetically determined and differ among clonal lines under similar conditions. We also find the inverse difference in rates of asexual reproduction. This study provides the requisite basis for further development of the <jats:italic>Aiptasia<\/jats:italic> model system, allowing analysis of basic cellular and molecular mechanisms in the laboratory as well as investigations of broad questions of ecological and evolutionary relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T09:42:07Z","timestamp":1445852527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Induction of Gametogenesis in the Cnidarian Endosymbiosis Model Aiptasia sp."],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Grawunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Hambleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iliona","family":"Wolfowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natascha","family":"Bechtoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Guse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20181","volume":"27","author":"JA Darling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darling, J. A. et al. Rising starlet: the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Bioessays 27, 211\u2013221 (2005).","journal-title":"Nematostella vectensis. Bioessays"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genikhovich, G. & Technau, U. The starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: an anthozoan model organism for studies in comparative genomics and functional evolutionary developmental biology. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2009 9, (2009).","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.emo129"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR3","first-page":"a00463","volume":"1","author":"HR Bode","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bode, H. R. Axial patterning in Hydra. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol. 2009 1, a00463 (2009).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol. 2009"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10227","volume":"226","author":"TW Holstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holstein, T. W., Hobmayer, E. & Technau, U. Cnidarians: an evolutionarily conserved model system for regeneration? Dev. Dynam. 226, 257\u2013267 (2003).","journal-title":"Dev. Dynam"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(77)90098-7","volume":"58","author":"CN David","year":"1977","unstructured":"David, C. N. & Murphy, S. Characterization of interstitial stem cells in Hydra by cloning. Dev. Biol. 58, 372\u2013383 (1977).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200800183","volume":"31","author":"TCG Bosch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bosch, T. C. G. Hydra and the evolution of stem cells. Bioessays 31, 478\u2013486 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400065","volume":"36","author":"TCG Bosch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bosch, T. C. G. et al. How do environmental factors influence life cycles and development? An experimental framework for early-diverging metazoans. Bioessays 36, 1185\u20131194 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1635","volume":"5","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., Koren, O., Reshef, L., Efrony, R. & Zilber-Rosenberg, E. The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5, 355\u2013362 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5638-5_8","volume":"710","author":"R Augustin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Augustin, R., Fraune, S., Franzenburg, S. & Bosch, T. C. Where simplicity meets complexity: Hydra, a model for host-microbe interactions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 710, 71\u201381 (2011).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.046540","volume":"214","author":"ME Rumpho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rumpho, M. E., Pelletreau, K. N., Moustafa, A. & Bhattacharya, D. The making of a photosynthetic animal. J. Exp. Biol. 214, 303\u2013311 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.076711","volume":"216","author":"ER Graham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Graham, E. R., Fay, S. A., Davey, A. & Sanders, R. W. Intracapsular algae provide fixed carbon to developing embryos of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 452\u2013459 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00033-2","volume":"28","author":"M Rodriguez-Lanetty","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. Evolving lineages of Symbiodinium-like dinoflagellates based on ITS1 rDNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28, 152\u2013168 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.03.040","volume":"56","author":"X Pochon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pochon, X. & Gates, R. D. A new Symbiodinium clade (Dinophyceae) from soritid foraminifera in Hawai\u2019i. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56, 492\u2013497 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01217.x","volume":"48","author":"TC Lajeunesse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lajeunesse, T. C., Parkinson, J. E. & Reimer, J. D. A genetics-based description of Symbiodinium minutum sp. nov. and S. psygmophilum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), two dinoflagellates symbiotic with Cnidaria. J. Phycol. 48, 1380\u20131391 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR15","unstructured":"Muscatine, L. The role of symbiotic algae in carbon and energy flux in coral reefs in Coral Reefs (ed. Zubinsky, Z. ) 75\u201387 (Elsevier, 1990)."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2008.01802.x","volume":"31","author":"D Yellowlees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yellowlees, D., Rees, T. A. V. & Leggat, W. Metabolic interactions between algal symbionts and invertebrate hosts. Plant Cell Environ. 31, 679\u2013694 (2008).","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152509","volume":"318","author":"O Hoegh-Guldberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737\u20131742 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05014-11","volume":"76","author":"SK Davy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davy, S. K., Allemand, D. & Weis, V. M. Cell biology of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 76, 229\u2013261 (2012).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-009-1162-9","volume":"156","author":"S Harii","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harii, S., Yasuda, N., Rodriguez-Lanetty, M., Irie, T. & Hidaka, M. Onset of symbiosis and distribution patterns of symbiotic dinoflagellates in the larvae of scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 156, 1203\u20131212 (2009).","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, P. L. Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals in Coral Reefs: an Ecosystem in Transition (eds. Zubinsky, Z. & Stambler N. ) 59\u201385 (Springer, 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0114-4_6"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.03.004","volume":"23","author":"VM Weis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weis, V. M., Davy, S. K., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. & Pringle, J. R. Cell biology in model systems as the key to understanding corals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 369\u2013376 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12055","volume":"49","author":"T Xiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xiang, T., Hambleton, E. A., DeNofrio, J. C., Pringle, J. R. & Grossman, A. R. Isolation of clonal axenic strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium and their growth and host specificity. J. Phycol. 49, 447\u2013458 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.095679","volume":"217","author":"EA Hambleton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hambleton, E. A., Guse, A. & Pringle, J. R. Similar specificities of symbiont uptake by adults and larvae in an anemone model system for coral biology. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 1613\u20131619 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12416","volume":"22","author":"DJ Thornhill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thornhill, D. J., Xiang, Y., Pettay, D. T., Zhong, M. & Santos, S. R. Population genetic data of a model symbiotic cnidarian system reveal remarkable symbiotic specificity and vectored introductions across ocean basins. Mol. Ecol. 22, 4499\u20134515 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3354\/meps021075","volume":"21","author":"WS Clayton Jr.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Clayton, W. S., Jr. Pedal laceration by the anemone Aiptasia pallida. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21, 75\u201380 (1985).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-258","volume":"10","author":"S Sunagawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sunagawa, S. et al. Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. BMC Genomics 10, 258 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-271","volume":"13","author":"EM Lehnert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lehnert, E. M., Burriesci, M. S. & Pringle, J. R. Developing the anemone Aiptasia as a tractable model for cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis: the transcriptome of aposymbiotic A. pallida. BMC Genomics 13, 271 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgarten, S. et al. The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Advance online publication, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1513318112 (2015).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513318112"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.062","volume":"23","author":"E Shoguchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shoguchi, E. et al. Draft assembly of the Symbiodinium minutum nuclear genome reveals dinoflagellate gene structure. Curr. Biol. 23, 1399\u20131408 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035269","volume":"7","author":"T Bayer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bayer, T. et al. Symbiodinium transcriptomes: genome insights into the dinoflagellate symbionts of reef-building corals. PLoS ONE 7, e35269 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12789","volume":"82","author":"T Xiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiang, T., Nelson, W., Rodriguez, J., Tolleter, D. & Grossman, A. R. Symbiodinium transcriptome and global responses of cells to immediate changes in light intensity when grown under autotrophic or mixotrophic conditions. Plant J. 82, 67\u201380 (2015).","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510163103","volume":"103","author":"J Wittlieb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wittlieb, J., Khalturin, K., Lohmann, J. U., Anton-Erxleben, F. & Bosch, T. C. G. Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6208\u20136211 (2006).","journal-title":"P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050070","volume":"5","author":"T Momose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Momose, T. & Houliston, E. Two oppositely localised Frizzled RNAs as axis determinants in a cnidarian embryo. PLoS Biol. 5, e70 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6486","volume":"5","author":"A Ikmi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ikmi, A., McKinney, S. A., Delventhal, K. M. & Gibson, M. C. TALEN and CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated genome editing in the early-branching metazoan Nematostella vectensis. Nat. Commun. 5, 5486 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR35","first-page":"37","volume":"47","author":"C Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, C., Soong, K. & Chen, C. A. The smallest oocytes among broadcast-spawning actiniarians and a unique lunar reproductive cycle in a unisexual population of the sea anemone, Aiptasia pulchella (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Zool. Stud. 47, 37\u201345 (2008).","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11874","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011874","volume":"5","author":"A Schlesinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schlesinger, A., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Rosenfeld, H., Armoza-Zvoloni, R., Loya, Y. & Earley, R. Sexual plasticity and self-fertilization in the sea anemone. Aiptasia diaphana. PLoS ONE 5, e11874 (2010).","journal-title":"Aiptasia diaphana. PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2307\/1542110","volume":"182","author":"C Hand","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hand, C. & Uhlinger, K. R. The culture, sexual and asexual reproduction and growth of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Biol. Bull. 182, 169\u2013172 (1992).","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-002-0214-7","volume":"212","author":"JH Fritzenwanker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fritzenwanker, J. H. & Technau, U. Induction of gametogenesis in the basal cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). Dev. Genes Evol. 212, 99\u2013103 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Genes Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.1997.9672575","volume":"31","author":"JS Ryland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ryland, J. S. Reproduction in Zoanthidea (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 31, 177\u2013188 (1997).","journal-title":"Invertebr. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.1.0309","volume":"47","author":"MY Gorbunov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gorbunov, M. Y. & Falkowski, P. G. Photoreceptors in the cnidarian hosts allow symbiotic corals to sense blue moonlight. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 309\u2013315 (2002).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145432","volume":"318","author":"O Levy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levy, O. et al. Light-responsive cryptochromes from a simple multicellular animal, the coral Acropora millepora. Science 318 4, 67\u2013470 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.2005.9652186","volume":"48","author":"JR Guest","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guest, J. R., Baird, A. H., Goh, B. P. & Chou, L. M. Seasonal reproduction in equatorial reef corals. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 48, 207\u2013218 (2005).","journal-title":"Invertebr. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR43","first-page":"996","volume":"51","author":"C Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chang, H.-Y. & Soong, K. No tradeoff between sexual and asexual investments in the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Zool. Stud. 51, 996\u20131005 (2012).","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1139\/z74-175","volume":"52","author":"AE Siebert Jr.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Siebert, A. E., Jr. A description of the embryology, larval development and feeding of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica. Can. J. Zool. 52, 1383\u20131388 (1974).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR45","unstructured":"Vize, P. D., Hilton, J. D., Brady, A. K. & Davies, S. W. Light sensing and the coordination of coral broadcast spawning behavior. Proc. 11th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 378\u2013381 (2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-009-0498-4","volume":"28","author":"AK Brady","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brady, A. K., Hilton, J. D. & Vize, P. D. Coral spawn timing is a direct response to solar light cycles and is not an entrained circadian response. Coral Reefs 28, 677\u2013680 (2009).","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR47","unstructured":"Gilbert, S. F. & Epel, D. Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine and Evolution. 1\u2013462 (Sinauer, 2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)89061-8","volume":"10","author":"S Via","year":"1995","unstructured":"Via, S. et al. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 212\u2013217 (1995).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR49","unstructured":"Roff, D. A. The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis. 1\u2013535 (Chapman & Hall, 1992)."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR50","first-page":"171","volume":"8","author":"T Mito","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mito, T. & Uesugi, T. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8, 171\u2013191 (2004).","journal-title":"Global Environmental Research"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR51","first-page":"227","volume":"23","author":"AL Rhyne","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rhyne, A. L., Lin, J. & Deal, K. J. Biological control of aquarium pest anemone Aiptasia pallida Verrill by peppermint shrimp Lysmata Risso. J. Shellfish Res. 23, 227\u2013229 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-002-0219-8","volume":"21","author":"K Iwao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iwao, K., Fujisawa, T. & Hatta, M. A cnidarian neuropeptide of the GLWamide family induces metamorphosis of reef-building corals in the genus Acropora. Coral Reefs 21, 127\u2013129 (2002).","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/424501","volume":"2011","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takahashi, T. & Hatta, M. The importance of GLWamide neuropeptides in cnidarian development and physiology. J. Amino Acids 2011, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Amino Acids"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10803","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10803","volume":"5","author":"J Tebben","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tebben, J. et al. Chemical mediation of coral larval settlement by crustose coralline algae. Sci. Rep. 5, 10803 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","volume":"28","author":"M Kearse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kearse, M. et al. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28, 1647\u20131649 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson, J. D., Higgins D. G. & Gibson T. J. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673\u20134680 (1994).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guindon, S. et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59, 307\u2013321 (2010).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep15677_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.04.028","volume":"38","author":"X Pochon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pochon, X., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Stadelmann, B. & Pawlowski, J. Molecular phylogeny, evolutionary rates and divergence timing of the symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38, 20\u201330 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep15677","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep15677.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep15677.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T13:48:12Z","timestamp":1672926492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep15677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep15677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep15677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15677"}}