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Essential LC-PUFA, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), can be acquired from the diet but are also endogenously retailored from C<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> precursors through consecutive elongations and desaturations catalyzed, respectively, by fatty acyl elongase and desaturase enzymes. The molecular wiring of this enzymatic pathway defines the ability of a species to biosynthesize LC-PUFA. Exactly when and how in animal evolution a functional LC-PUFA pathway emerged is still elusive. Here we examine key components of the LC-PUFA cascade, the <jats:italic>Elovl2<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Elovl5<\/jats:italic> elongases, from amphioxus, an invertebrate chordate, the sea lamprey, a representative of agnathans and the elephant shark, a basal jawed vertebrate. We show that <jats:italic>Elovl2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Elovl5<\/jats:italic> emerged from genome duplications in vertebrate ancestry. The single <jats:italic>Elovl2\/5<\/jats:italic> from amphioxus efficiently elongates C<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> and C<jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub> and, to a marked lesser extent, C<jats:sub>22<\/jats:sub> LC-PUFA. Lamprey is incapable of elongating C<jats:sub>22<\/jats:sub> substrates. The elephant shark <jats:italic>Elovl2<\/jats:italic> showed that the ability to efficiently elongate C<jats:sub>22<\/jats:sub> PUFA and thus to synthesize DHA through the Sprecher pathway, emerged in the jawed vertebrate ancestor. Our findings illustrate how non-integrated \u201c<jats:italic>metabolic islands<\/jats:italic>\u201d evolve into fully wired pathways upon duplication and neofunctionalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T10:37:09Z","timestamp":1455014229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Evolutionary functional elaboration of the Elovl2\/5 gene family in chordates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Monroig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Lopes-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Hontoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Byrappa","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Tocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. 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