{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:21:01Z","timestamp":1774167661541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Emergent diseases may alter the structure and functioning of ecosystems by creating new biotic interactions and modifying existing ones, producing cascading processes along trophic webs. Recently, a new variant of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2 or RHDVb) arguably caused widespread declines in a keystone prey in Mediterranean ecosystems - the European rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>). We quantitatively assess the impact of RHDV2 on natural rabbit populations and in two endangered apex predator populations: the Iberian lynx (<jats:italic>Lynx pardinus<\/jats:italic>) and the Spanish Imperial eagle (<jats:italic>Aquila adalberti<\/jats:italic>). We found 60\u201370% declines in rabbit populations, followed by decreases of 65.7% in Iberian lynx and 45.5% in Spanish Imperial eagle fecundities. A revision of the web of trophic interactions among rabbits and their dependent predators suggests that RHDV2 acts as a keystone species, and may steer Mediterranean ecosystems to management-dependent alternative states, dominated by simplified mesopredator communities. This model system stresses the importance of diseases as functional players in the dynamics of trophic webs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]],"date-time":"2016-10-31T10:50:44Z","timestamp":1477911044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Disease-mediated bottom-up regulation: An emergent virus affects a keystone prey, and alters the dynamics of trophic webs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Monterroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Garrote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Serronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Em\u00eddio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Delibes-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Perez de Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. Scott","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2307\/1312990","volume":"46","author":"ME Power","year":"1996","unstructured":"Power, M. E. et al. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46, 609\u2013620 (1996).","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1890\/070151","volume":"6","author":"TA Crowl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crowl, T. A., Crist, T. O., Parmenter, R. R., Belovsky, G. & Lugo, A. E. The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 238\u2013246 (2008).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00524.x","volume":"20","author":"KF Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, K. F., Sax, D. F. & Lafferty, K. D. Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment. Conserv. Biol. 20, 1349\u20131357 (2006).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR4","first-page":"20132709","volume":"281","author":"S Selakovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selakovic, S., de Ruiter, P. C. & Heesterbeek, H. Infectious disease agents mediate interaction in food webs and ecosystems. P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 281, 20132709 (2014).","journal-title":"P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.02.012","volume":"144","author":"M Delibes-Mateos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delibes-Mateos, M., Smith, A. T., Slobodchikoff, C. N. & Swenson, J. E. The paradox of keystone species persecuted as pests: a call for the conservation of abundant small mammals in their native range. Biol. Conserv. 144, 1335\u20131346 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000209","volume":"7","author":"WM Getz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Getz, W. M. Disease and the dynamics of foodwebs. PLoS Biol 7, e1000209 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2011.05.004","volume":"37","author":"LL Pascual","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pascual, L. L., Luigi, M., Alessandra, F., Emilio, B. & Luigi, B. Hotspots of species richness, threat and endemism for terrestrial vertebrates in SW Europe. Acta Oecol. 37, 399\u2013412 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00096.x","volume":"18","author":"M Ferrer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrer, M. & Negro, J. J. The near extinction of two large European predators: super specialists pay a price. Conserv. Biol. 18, 344\u2013349 (2004).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00993.x","volume":"22","author":"M Delibes-Mateos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delibes-Mateos, M., Delibes, M., Ferreras, P. & Villafuerte, R. Key role of European rabbits in the conservation of the Western Mediterranean Basin Hotspot. Conserv. Biol. 22, 1106\u20131117 (2008).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2009.00140.x","volume":"39","author":"M Delibes-Mateos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Delibes-Mateos, M., Ferreras, P. & Villafuerte, R. European rabbit population trends and associated factors: a review of the situation in the Iberian Peninsula. Mammal Rev. 39, 124\u2013140 (2009).","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR11","unstructured":"Cabezas-D\u00edaz, S., Lozano, J. & Virg\u00f3s, E. In Handbook of Nature Conservation: Global, Environmental and Economic Issue (ed. Aronoff, J. B. ), 283\u2013310 (Nova Science Publishers, 2009)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.2.176","volume":"30","author":"R Villafuerte","year":"1994","unstructured":"Villafuerte, R., Calvete, C., Gort\u00e1zar, C. & Moreno, S. First epizootic of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in free living populations of Oryctolagus cuniculus at Do\u00f1ana National Park, Spain. J. Wildlife Dis. 30, 176\u2013179 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00371.x","volume":"20","author":"C Calvete","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calvete, C. Modeling the effect of population dynamics on the impact of rabbit hemorraghic disease. Conserv. Biol. 20, 1232\u20131241 (2006).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120341","volume":"18","author":"KP Dalton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dalton, K. P. et al. Variant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in young rabbits, Spain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 2009\u20132012 (2012).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130908","volume":"19","author":"J Abrantes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abrantes, J. et al. New variant of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, Portugal, 2012\u20132013. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 1900\u20131902 (2013).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2014.1715","volume":"22","author":"C Calvete","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calvete, C., Sarto, P., Calvo, A. J., Monroy, F. & Calvo, J. H. Could the new rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus variant (RHDVb) be fully replacing classical RHD strains in the Iberian Peninsula? World Rabbit Sci. 22, 91\u201391 (2014).","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/v7010027","volume":"7","author":"AM Lopes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopes, A. M. et al. Is the New Variant RHDV Replacing Genogroup 1 in Portuguese Wild Rabbit Populations? Viruses 7, 27\u201336 (2015).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.140517","volume":"20","author":"M Delibes-Mateos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Delibes-Mateos, M., Ferreira, C., Carro, F., Escudero, M. A. & Gort\u00e1zar, C. Ecosystem effects of variant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, Iberian Peninsula. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20, 2166 (2014).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR19","unstructured":"Guerrero-Casado, J., Carpio, A. J. & Tortosa, F. S. Recent negative trends of wild rabbit populations in southern Spain after the arrival of the new variant of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus RHDV2. Mamm. Biol. (in press)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2012.01871.x","volume":"26","author":"MA Sim\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n, M. A. et al. Reverse of the Decline of the Endangered Iberian Lynx. Conserv. Biol. 26, 731\u2013736 (2012).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR21","unstructured":"Cabral, M. J. et al. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal Second edition (Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza\/Ass\u00edrio Alvim, 2005)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605307991048","volume":"43","author":"E Ortega","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ortega, E. et al. A demographic description of the recovery of the Vulnerable Spanish imperial eagle Aquila adalberti. Oryx 43, 113\u2013121 (2009).","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR23","unstructured":"Nunes, M. Situa\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1guia-imperial em Portugal - \u00c9poca de 2014. Unpublished internal report (ICNF, 2014)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-007-0133-5","volume":"148","author":"A Margalida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Margalida, A. et al. A long-term large-scale study of the breeding biology of the Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). J. Ornithol. 148, 309\u2013322 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2307\/3546240","volume":"75","author":"ARE Sinclair","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sinclair, A. R. E. & Roger P. Pech. Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation and predator regulation. Oikos. 75, 164\u2013173 (1996).","journal-title":"Oikos."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(92)91115-9","volume":"61","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, A. & Delibes, M. Current range and status of the Iberian lynx Felis pardina Temminck, 1824 in Spain. Biol. Conserv. 61, 189\u2013196 (1992).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR27","unstructured":"Ferreras, P., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Palomares, F. & Delibes, M. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids (eds Loveridge, A., Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. ) 511\u2013524 (Oxford University Press, 2014)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","volume":"333","author":"JA Estes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Estes, J. A. et al. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science 333, 301\u2013306 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.01.001","volume":"27","author":"EG Ritchie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ritchie, E. G. et al. Ecosystem restoration with teeth: what role for predators? Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 265\u2013271 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874213001003030001","volume":"3","author":"JW Laundr\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laundr\u00e9, J. W., Hernandez, L. & Ripple, W. J. The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. Open Ecol. J. 3, 1\u20137 (2010).","journal-title":"Open Ecol. J."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x","volume":"12","author":"EG Ritchie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ritchie, E. G. & Johnson, C. N. Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecol. Lett. 12, 982\u2013998 (2009).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/2405010","volume":"33","author":"F Palomares","year":"1996","unstructured":"Palomares, F., Ferreras, P., Fedriani, J. M. & Delibes, M. Spatial relationships between Iberian lynx and other carnivores in an area of south-western Spain. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 5\u201313 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050915","volume":"121","author":"JM Fedriani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fedriani J. M., Palomares, F. & Delibes, M. Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores. Oecologia 121, 138\u2013148 (1999).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.9020295.x","volume":"9","author":"F Palomares","year":"1995","unstructured":"Palomares, F., Gaona, P., Ferreras, P. & Delibes, M. Positive effects on game species of top predators by controlling smaller predator populations: an example with lynx, mongooses, and rabbits. Conserv. Biol. 9, 295\u2013305 (1995).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/3809512","volume":"55","author":"JJ Aldama","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aldama, J. J., Beltran, J. F. & Delibes, M. Energy expenditure and prey requirements of free-ranging Iberian lynx in southwestern Spain. J. Wildlife Manage. 55, 635\u2013641 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Manage."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2011.01.005","volume":"12","author":"P Ferreras","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferreras, P., Travaini, A., Zapata, S. C. & Delibes, M. Short-term responses of mammalian carnivores to a sudden collapse of rabbits in Mediterranean Spain. Basic Appl. Ecol. 12, 116\u2013124 (2011).","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.01010.x","volume":"10","author":"B Elmhagen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elmhagen, B. & Rushton, S. P. Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: top-down or bottom-up? Ecol. Lett. 10, 197\u2013206 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087509","volume":"302","author":"O Gilg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gilg, O., Hanski, I. & Sittler, B. Cyclic dynamics in a simple vertebrate predator-prey community. Science 302, 866\u2013868 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2307\/3546526","volume":"80","author":"M O\u2019Donoghue","year":"1997","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue, M., Boutin, S., Krebs, C. J. & Hofer, E. J. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80, 150\u2013162 (1997).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0111-5","volume":"54","author":"M Delibes-Mateos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delibes-Mateos, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Sim\u00f3n, J., Villafuerte, R. & Ferreras, P. Feeding responses of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to different wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) densities: a regional approach. Eur. J. Wildlife Res. 54, 71\u201378 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-015-0510-5","volume":"57","author":"F Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Sim\u00f3n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Sim\u00f3n, F. et al. Can widespread generalist predators affect keystone prey? A case study with red foxes and European rabbits in their native range. Popul. Ecol. 57, 591\u2013599 (2015).","journal-title":"Popul. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2008.00786.x","volume":"150","author":"F Sergio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sergio, F. & Hiraldo, F. Intraguild predation in raptor assemblages: a review. Ibis 150, 132\u2013145 (2008).","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-010-0199-4","volume":"53","author":"R Louren\u00e7o","year":"2011","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, R., Santos, S. M., Raba\u00e7a, J. E. & Penteriani, V. Superpredation patterns in four large European raptors. Popul. Ecol. 53, 175\u2013185 (2011).","journal-title":"Popul. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0287","volume":"364","author":"A Dobson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dobson, A. Food-web structure and ecosystem services: insights from the Serengeti. Philos T R Soc B, 364, 1665\u20131682 (2009).","journal-title":"Philos T R Soc B"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebedes, H. In Wildlife diseases (ed. Page, L. A. ) 519\u2013526 (Springer US, 1976).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1656-6_58"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2307\/2261500","volume":"81","author":"HH Prins","year":"1993","unstructured":"Prins, H. H. & Van Der Jeugd, H. P. Herbivore population crashes and woodland structure in East Africa. J. Ecol. 81, 305\u2013314 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR47","unstructured":"Clark, T. W. Conservation Biology of the Black-footed Ferret Mustela nigripes. Wildlife Preservation Trust Special Scientific Report No. 3 (Wildlife Preservation Trust International, 1989)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000070","volume":"96","author":"AM Lopes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopes, A. M. et al. Full genomic analysis of new variant Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDVb) revealed multiple recombination events. J. Gen. Virol. 96, 1309\u20131319 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2329-3","volume":"160","author":"KP Dalton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dalton, K. P. et al. Complete genome sequence of two rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus variant b isolates detected on the Iberian Peninsula. Arch. Virol. 160, 877\u2013881 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR50","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall, T. A. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucl. Acids S. 41, 95\u201398 (1999).","journal-title":"Acids S."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03194271","volume":"48","author":"E Virg\u00f3s","year":"2003","unstructured":"Virg\u00f3s, E., Cabezas-D\u00edaz, S., Lozano, J., Malo, A. & L\u00f3pez-Huertas, D. L. Factors shaping European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) abundance in continuous and fragmented populations of central Spain. Acta Theriol. 48, 113\u2013122 (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2007)13[28:ROCHIM]2.0.CO;2","volume":"13","author":"P Beja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beja, P., Pais, M. & Palma, L. Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus habitats in Mediterranean scrubland: the role of scrub structure and composition. Wildlife Biol. 13, 28\u201337 (2007).","journal-title":"Wildlife Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1071\/WR05107","volume":"33","author":"C Calvete","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calvete, C., Pelayo, E. & Sampietro, J. Habitat factors related to wild rabbit population trends after the initial impact of rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Wildlife Res. 33, 467\u2013474 (2006).","journal-title":"Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-011-0524-z","volume":"57","author":"J Fernandez-de-Sim\u00f3n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernandez-de-Sim\u00f3n, J. et al. Towards a standardized index of European rabbit abundance in Iberian Mediterranean habitats. Eur. J. Wildlife Res. 57, 1091\u20131100 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1071\/WR00048","volume":"29","author":"H Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, H., Alves, P. C. & Rocha, A. Seasonal variation on the reproductive activity of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Wildlife Res. 29, 165\u2013173 (2002).","journal-title":"Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-011-0533-y","volume":"57","author":"JM Gil-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gil-S\u00e1nchez, J. M. et al. The use of camera trapping for estimating Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) home ranges. Eur. J. Wildlife Res. 57, 1203\u20131211 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-012-0658-7","volume":"58","author":"G Garrote","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garrote, G. et al. The effect of attractant lures in camera trapping: a case study of population estimates for the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Eur. J. Wildlife Res. 58, 881\u2013884 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Res."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05762.x","volume":"243","author":"P Ferreras","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferreras, P., Beltr\u00e1n, J. F., Aldama, J. J. & Delibes, M. Spatial organization and land tenure system of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). J. Zool. 243, 163\u2013189 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2006)76[323:EDDPNA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"76","author":"B Dennis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dennis, B., Ponciano, J. M., Lele, S. R., Taper, M. L. & Staples, D. F. Estimating density dependence, process noise, and observation error. Ecol. Monogr. 76, 323\u2013341 (2006).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR60","unstructured":"Mills, L. S. Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics, and Management (John Wiley & Sons, 2013)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR61","unstructured":"Crawley, M. J. The R book Second edition (John Wiley & Sons, 2013)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maronna, R. A. R. D., Martin, D. & Yohai, V. Robust Statistics (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).","DOI":"10.1002\/0470010940"},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR63","unstructured":"Rousseeuw, P. et al. Robustbase: Basic Robust Statistics. R package version 0.92-5. Available at: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=robustbase. Last accessed 15 November 2015 (2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR64","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. URL: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"148","author":"F Palomares","year":"2001","unstructured":"Palomares, F., Delibes, M., Revilla, E., Calzada, J. & Fedriani, J. M. Spatial ecology of Iberian lynx and abundance of European rabbits in southwestern Spain. Wildlife Monogr. 148, 1\u201336 (2001).","journal-title":"Wildlife Monogr."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3161\/000164509X464849","volume":"44","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Oria, J., S\u00e1nchez, R., Gonzalez, L. M. & Margalida, A. Space use of adult Spanish imperial eagles Aquila adalberti. Acta Ornithol. 44, 17\u201326 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Ornithol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR67","first-page":"295","volume":"48","author":"F Palomares","year":"1993","unstructured":"Palomares, F. Opportunistic feeding of the Egyptian mongoose, Herpertes ichneumon, (L.) in Southwestern Spain. Rev. Ecol. 48, 295\u2013304 (1993).","journal-title":"Rev. Ecol."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2307\/3676440","volume":"23","author":"J Vi\u00f1uela","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vi\u00f1uela, J. & Veiga, J. P. Importance of rabbits in the diet and reproductive success of Black Kites in southwestern Spain. Ornis Scand. 23, 132\u2013138 (1992).","journal-title":"Ornis Scand."},{"key":"BFsrep36072_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2008.00862.x","volume":"150","author":"E Casado","year":"2008","unstructured":"Casado, E., Su\u00e1rez-Seoane, S., Lamelin, J. & Ferrer, M. The regulation of brood reduction in Booted Eagles Hieraaetus pennatus through habitat heterogeneity. Ibis 150, 788\u2013798 (2008).","journal-title":"Ibis"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep36072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep36072","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep36072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T01:45:15Z","timestamp":1672883115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep36072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep36072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep36072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36072"}}