{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T22:32:55Z","timestamp":1772663575860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The uncertainties surrounding present and future sea-level rise have revived the debate around sea-level changes through the deglaciation and mid- to late Holocene, from which arises a need for high-quality reconstructions of regional sea level. Here, we explore the stratigraphy of a sandy barrier to identify the best sea-level indicators and provide a new sea-level reconstruction for the central Portuguese coast over the past 6.5\u2009ka. The selected indicators represent morphological features extracted from coastal barrier stratigraphy, beach berm and dune-beach contact. These features were mapped from high-resolution ground penetrating radar images of the subsurface and transformed into sea-level indicators through comparison with modern analogs and a chronology based on optically stimulated luminescence ages. Our reconstructions document a continuous but slow sea-level rise after 6.5\u2009ka with an accumulated change in elevation of about 2\u2009m. In the context of SW Europe, our results show good agreement with previous studies, including the Tagus isostatic model, with minor discrepancies that demand further improvement of regional models. This work reinforces the potential of barrier indicators to accurately reconstruct high-resolution mid- to late Holocene sea-level changes through simple approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T10:21:41Z","timestamp":1481192501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Coastal barrier stratigraphy for Holocene high-resolution sea-level reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Costas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Theocharis A.","family":"Plomaritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Leorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR1","unstructured":"Church, J. A. et al. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) 1137\u20131216 (Cambridge University Press, 2013)."},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081105","volume":"2","author":"A Cazenave","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cazenave, A. & Llovel, W. Contemporary Sea Level Rise. Annual Review of Marine Science 2, 145\u2013173, doi: 10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081105 (2010).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Marine Science"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/35059054","volume":"409","author":"JX Mitrovica","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mitrovica, J. X., Tamisiea, M. E., Davis, J. L. & Milne, G. A. Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea-level change. Nature 409, 1026\u20131029, doi: http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v409\/n6823\/suppinfo\/4091026a0_S1.html (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR4","first-page":"301","volume":"54","author":"H-P Plag","year":"2001","unstructured":"Plag, H.-P. & Juettner, H.-U. Inversion of global tide gauge data for present-day ice load changes (scientific paper). Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. Special issue 54, 301\u2013317 (2001).","journal-title":"Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. Special issue"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n\/a","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023867","volume":"32","author":"MN Tsimplis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsimplis, M. N., \u00c1lvarez-Fanjul, E., Gomis, D., Fenoglio-Marc, L. & P\u00e9rez, B. Mediterranean Sea level trends: Atmospheric pressure and wind contribution. Geophysical Research Letters 32, n\/a\u2013n\/a, doi: 10.1029\/2005GL023867 (2005).","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3519.1","volume":"23","author":"A Timmermann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timmermann, A., McGregor, S. & Jin, F.-F. Wind Effects on Past and Future Regional Sea Level Trends in the Southern Indo-Pacific. Journal of Climate 23, 4429\u20134437, doi: 10.1175\/2010JCLI3519.1 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-004-0505-y","volume":"24","author":"A Levermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levermann, A., Griesel, A., Hofmann, M., Montoya, M. & Rahmstorf, S. Dynamic sea level changes following changes in the thermohaline circulation. Climate Dynamics 24, 347\u2013354, doi: 10.1007\/s00382-004-0505-y (2005).","journal-title":"Climate Dynamics"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2008.08.018","volume":"27","author":"GA Milne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milne, G. A. & Mitrovica, J. X. Searching for eustasy in deglacial sea-level histories. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2292\u20132302, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2008.08.018 (2008).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhart, S. E., Peltier, W. R. & Horton, B. P. Holocene relative sea-level changes and glacial isostatic adjustment of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Geology, doi: 10.1130\/g31857.1 (2011).","DOI":"10.1130\/G31857.1"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shennan, I. In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2967\u20132974 (Elsevier, 2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-444-52747-8\/00389-6"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.2771","volume":"30","author":"WR Gehrels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gehrels, W. R. & Shennan, I. A. N. Sea level in time and space: revolutions and inconvenient truths. Journal of Quaternary Science 30, 131\u2013143, doi: 10.1002\/jqs.2771 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Quaternary Science"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo544","volume":"2","author":"GA Milne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Milne, G. A., Gehrels, W. R., Hughes, C. W. & Tamisiea, M. E. Identifying the causes of sea-level change. Nature Geosci 2, 471\u2013478 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature Geosci"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemp, A. C. et al. Climate related sea-level variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1015619108 (2011).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015619108"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n\/a","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033611","volume":"35","author":"S Jevrejeva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A. & Woodworth, P. L. Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago? Geophysical Research Letters 35, n\/a\u2013n\/a, doi: 10.1029\/2008GL033611 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.020","volume":"100","author":"WR Gehrels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gehrels, W. R. & Woodworth, P. L. When did modern rates of sea-level rise start? Global and Planetary Change 100, 263\u2013277, doi: 10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.020 (2013).","journal-title":"Global and Planetary Change"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dangendorf, S. et al. Detecting anthropogenic footprints in sea level rise. Nat Commun 6, doi: 10.1038\/ncomms8849 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8849"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/268413a0","volume":"268","author":"RW Fairbridge","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fairbridge, R. W. & Hillaire-Marcel, C. An 8,000-yr palaeoclimatic record of the\/\u2018Double-Hale\/\u2018 45-yr solar cycle. Nature 268, 413\u2013416 (1977).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28<411:ODODSF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"28","author":"S van Heteren","year":"2000","unstructured":"van Heteren, S., Huntley, D. J., van de Plassche, O. & Lubberts, R. K. Optical dating of dune sand for the study of sea-level change. Geology 28, 411\u2013414 (2000).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2006.018","volume":"w76","author":"AB Rodriguez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A. B. & Meyer, C. T. Sea-Level Variation During the Holocene Deduced from the Morphologic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Morgan Peninsula, Alabama, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research w76, 257\u2013269, doi: 10.2110\/jsr.2006.018 (2006).","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.001","volume":"40","author":"LB Clemmensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clemmensen, L. B., Murray, A. S. & Nielsen, L. Quantitative constraints on the sea-level fall that terminated the Littorina Sea Stage, southern Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews 40, 54\u201363, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.001 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683615585834","volume":"25","author":"MU Hede","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hede, M. U. et al. Changes in Holocene relative sea-level and coastal morphology: A study of a raised beach ridge system on Sams\u00f8, southwest Scandinavia. The Holocene 25, 1402\u20131414, doi: 10.1177\/0959683615585834 (2015).","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.10.014","volume":"86","author":"AJ Dougherty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dougherty, A. J. Extracting a record of Holocene storm erosion and deposition preserved in the morphostratigraphy of a prograded coastal barrier. Continental Shelf Research 86, 116\u2013131, doi: 10.1016\/j.csr.2013.10.014 (2014).","journal-title":"Continental Shelf Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003634805106","volume":"77","author":"HM Granja","year":"1999","unstructured":"Granja, H. M. Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level, neotectonic and climate control in the coastal zone of northwest Portugal. Geologie en Mijnbouw 77, 233\u2013245, doi: 10.1023\/A:1003634805106 (1999).","journal-title":"Geologie en Mijnbouw"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(00)00073-6","volume":"170","author":"J Dias","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dias, J., Boski, T., Rodrigues, A. & Magalh\u00e3es, F. Coast line evolution in Portugal since the Last Glacial Maximum until present -a synthesis. Marine Geology 170, 177\u2013186 (2000).","journal-title":"Marine Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.09.012","volume":"77","author":"T Boski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boski, T. et al. Chronology of the sedimentary processes during the postglacial sea level rise in two estuaries of the Algarve coast, Southern Portugal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 77, 230\u2013244, doi: 10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.09.012 (2008).","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2007.05.021","volume":"181","author":"C Zazo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zazo, C. et al. The coastal archives of the last 15 ka in the Atlantic\u2013Mediterranean Spanish linkage area: Sea level and climate changes. Quaternary International 181, 72\u201387, doi: 10.1016\/j.quaint.2007.05.021 (2008).","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683612460786","volume":"23","author":"E Leorri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leorri, E. et al. Lateglacial and Holocene coastal evolution in the Minho estuary (N Portugal): Implications for understanding sea-level changes in Atlantic Iberia. The Holocene 23, 353\u2013363, doi: 10.1177\/0959683612460786 (2013).","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR28","first-page":"125","volume":"16","author":"NP Psuty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Psuty, N. P. & Moreira, M. E. Holocene Sedimentation and Sea Level Rise in the Sado Estuary, Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research 16, 125\u2013138 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.014","volume":"42","author":"E Leorri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leorri, E., Cearreta, A. & Milne, G. Field observations and modelling of Holocene sea-level changes in the southern Bay of Biscay: implication for understanding current rates of relative sea-level change and vertical land motion along the Atlantic coast of SW Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 42, 59\u201373, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.014 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(02)00015-0","volume":"93\u201394","author":"J Lario","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lario, J. et al. Changes in sedimentation trends in SW Iberia Holocene estuaries (Spain). Quaternary International 93\u201394, 171\u2013176, doi: 10.1016\/S1040-6182(02)00015-0 (2002).","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(99)00069-9","volume":"162","author":"CJ Dabrio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dabrio, C. J. et al. Depositional history of estuarine infill during the last postglacial transgression (Gulf of Cadiz, Southern Spain). Marine Geology 162, 381\u2013404 (2000).","journal-title":"Marine Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.12.002","volume":"33","author":"J Delgado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delgado, J. et al. Sea-level rise and anthropogenic activities recorded in the late Pleistocene\/Holocene sedimentary infill of the Guadiana Estuary (SW Iberia). Quaternary Science Reviews 33, 121\u2013141, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.12.002 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR33","first-page":"933","volume":"10","author":"C Zazo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zazo, C. et al. Holocene Sequence of Sea-Level Fluctuations in Relation to Climatic Trends in the Atlantic-Mediterranean Linkage Coast. Journal of Coastal Research 10, 933\u2013945 (1994).","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR34","unstructured":"Teixeira, S. B., Gaspar, P. & Rosa, M. Holocene Sea-level index points on the Quarteira Coast (Algarve, Portugal). Paper presented at: Coastal Hope Conference Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon. (eds Freitas, M. C. & Drago, T. ), 125\u2013127 (2005)."},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1978)6<117:IAEOHB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"6","author":"C Hillaire-Marcel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hillaire-Marcel, C. & Fairbridge, R. W. Isostasy and eustasy of Hudson Bay. Geology 6, 117\u2013122 (1978).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2013.07.006","volume":"344","author":"M Bendixen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bendixen, M., Clemmensen, L. B. & Kroon, A. Sandy berm and beach-ridge formation in relation to extreme sea-levels: A Danish example in a micro-tidal environment. Marine Geology 344, 53\u201364, doi: 10.1016\/j.margeo.2013.07.006 (2013).","journal-title":"Marine Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(99)00075-6","volume":"32","author":"EG Otvos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otvos, E. G. Beach ridges \u2014 definitions and significance. Geomorphology 32, 83\u2013108, doi: 10.1016\/S0169-555X(99)00075-6 (2000).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3885.2011.00229.x","volume":"41","author":"JM Hansen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hansen, J. M., Aagaard, T. & Binderup, M. Absolute sea levels and isostatic changes of the eastern North Sea to central Baltic region during the last 900 years. Boreas 41, 180\u2013208, doi: 10.1111\/j.1502-3885.2011.00229.x (2012).","journal-title":"Boreas"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.06.004","volume":"114","author":"T Tamura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamura, T. Beach ridges and prograded beach deposits as palaeoenvironment records. Earth-Science Reviews 114, 279\u2013297, doi: 10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.06.004 (2012).","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2006.00792.x","volume":"53","author":"CS Bristow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bristow, C. S. & Pucillo, K. Quantifying rates of coastal progradation from sediment volume using GPR and OSL: the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay, south-east South Australia. Sedimentology 53, 769\u2013788 (2006).","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.07.033","volume":"248","author":"J Billy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Billy, J., Robin, N., Hein, C. J., Certain, R. & FitzGerald, D. M. Insight into the late Holocene sea-level changes in the NW Atlantic from a paraglacial beach-ridge plain south of Newfoundland. Geomorphology 248, 134\u2013146, doi: 10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.07.033 (2015).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1130\/focus092008.1.","volume":"36","author":"JP Donnelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donnelly, J. P. & Giosan, L. Tempestuous highs and lows in the Gulf of Mexico. Geology 36, 751\u2013752, doi: 10.1130\/focus092008.1. (2008).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2009.11.014","volume":"223","author":"LB Clemmensen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clemmensen, L. B. & Nielsen, L. Internal architecture of a raised beach ridge system (Anholt, Denmark) resolved by ground-penetrating radar investigations. Sedimentary Geology 223, 281\u2013290, doi: 10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2009.11.014 (2010).","journal-title":"Sedimentary Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/ter.12187","volume":"28","author":"L Sander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sander, L. et al. Coastal lagoons and beach ridges as complementary sedimentary archives for the reconstruction of Holocene relative sea-level changes. Terra Nova 28, 43\u201349, doi: 10.1111\/ter.12187 (2016).","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2010.07.009","volume":"74","author":"T Tamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tamura, T., Murakami, F. & Watanabe, K. Holocene beach deposits for assessing coastal uplift of the northeastern Boso Peninsula, Pacific coast of Japan. Quaternary Research 74, 227\u2013234, doi: 10.1016\/j.yqres.2010.07.009 (2010).","journal-title":"Quaternary Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683613484618","volume":"23","author":"MU Hede","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hede, M. U., Bendixen, M., Clemmensen, L. B., Kroon, A. & Nielsen, L. Joint interpretation of beach-ridge architecture and coastal topography show the validity of sea-level markers observed in ground-penetrating radar data. The Holocene 23, 1238\u20131246, doi: 10.1177\/0959683613484618 (2013).","journal-title":"The Holocene"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR47","unstructured":"Clifton, H. E. In Facies Models Revisited Vol. 84 293\u2013337 (SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, 2006)."},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR48","first-page":"785","volume":"9","author":"G Masselink","year":"1993","unstructured":"Masselink, G. & Short, A. D. The Effect of Tide Range on Beach Morphodynamics and Morphology: A Conceptual Beach Model. Journal of Coastal Research 9, 785\u2013800 (1993).","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005","volume":"53","author":"HF Stockdon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stockdon, H. F., Holman, R. A., Howd, P. A. & Sallenger, A. H. Jr Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup. Coastal Engineering 53, 573\u2013588, doi: 10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005 (2006).","journal-title":"Coastal Engineering"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.03.003","volume":"106","author":"NLM Barlow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barlow, N. L. M. et al. Salt marshes as late Holocene tide gauges. Global and Planetary Change 106, 90\u2013110, doi: 10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.03.003 (2013).","journal-title":"Global and Planetary Change"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307580110","volume":"110","author":"O Dur\u00e1n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, O. & Moore, L. J. Vegetation controls on the maximum size of coastal dunes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 17217\u201317222, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1307580110 (2013).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR52","first-page":"890","volume":"16","author":"AH Sallenger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sallenger, A. H. Storm Impact Scale for Barrier Islands. Journal of Coastal Research 16, 890\u2013895 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Research"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR53","first-page":"145","volume":"3","author":"I Takeda","year":"1982","unstructured":"Takeda, I. & Sunamura, T. Formation and height of berms. Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union 3, 145 3, 145\u2013157 (1982).","journal-title":"Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2009.08.006","volume":"56","author":"D Roelvink","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roelvink, D. et al. Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier islands. Coastal Engineering 56, 1133\u20131152, doi: 10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2009.08.006 (2009).","journal-title":"Coastal Engineering"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR55","unstructured":"Costas, S. et al. In Sand and Gravel Spits Vol. 12 Coastal Research Library (eds Giovanni Randazzo, Derek, W. T., Jackson & J. Andrew G., Cooper ) Ch. 6, 79\u2013102 (Springer International Publishing, 2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.05.015","volume":"82","author":"FM Weir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weir, F. M., Hughes, M. G. & Baldock, T. E. Beach face and berm morphodynamics fronting a coastal lagoon. Geomorphology 82, 331\u2013346, doi: 10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.05.015 (2006).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517056113","volume":"113","author":"RE Kopp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kopp, R. E. et al. Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, E1434\u2013E1441, doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1517056113 (2016).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.09.013","volume":"54","author":"SE Engelhart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Engelhart, S. E. & Horton, B. P. Holocene sea level database for the Atlantic coast of the United States. Quaternary Science Reviews 54, 12\u201325, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.09.013 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.12.001","volume":"113","author":"SE Engelhart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engelhart, S. E., Vacchi, M., Horton, B. P., Nelson, A. R. & Kopp, R. E. A sea-level database for the Pacific coast of central North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 113, 78\u201392, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.12.001 (2015).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.064","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"E Leorri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leorri, E. et al. A 700 year record of combustion-derived pollution in northern Spain: Tools to identify the Holocene\/Anthropocene transition in coastal environments. Science of The Total Environment 470\u2013471, 240\u2013247, doi: 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.064 (2014).","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-265-2016","volume":"8","author":"C Ponte Lira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponte Lira, C., Nobre Silva, A., Taborda, R. & Freire de Andrade, C. Coastline evolution of Portuguese low-lying sandy coast in the last 50 years: an integrated approach. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 265\u2013278, doi: 10.5194\/essd-8-265-2016 (2016).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-015-0029-z","volume":"1","author":"NS Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan, N. S. et al. Holocene Relative Sea-Level Changes from Near-, Intermediate-, and Far-Field Locations. Current Climate Change Reports 1, 247\u2013262, doi: 10.1007\/s40641-015-0029-z (2015).","journal-title":"Current Climate Change Reports"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.10.029","volume":"129","author":"J Goslin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goslin, J. et al. A new Holocene relative sea-level curve for western Brittany (France): Insights on isostatic dynamics along the Atlantic coasts of north-western Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 129, 341\u2013365, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.10.029 (2015).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/bor.12092","volume":"44","author":"P St\u00e9phan","year":"2015","unstructured":"St\u00e9phan, P. et al. Holocene salt-marsh sedimentary infilling and relative sea-level changes in West Brittany (France) using foraminifera-based transfer functions. Boreas 44, 153\u2013177, doi: 10.1111\/bor.12092 (2015).","journal-title":"Boreas"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4000\/geomorphologie.10386","volume":"19","author":"J Goslin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goslin, J. et al. Holocene relative sea-level changes in western Brittany (France) between 7600 and 4000 cal. BP: Reconstitution from basal-peat deposits. G\u00e9omorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 19, 425\u2013444 (2013).","journal-title":"G\u00e9omorphologie: relief, processus, environnement"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2008.07.003","volume":"27","author":"G-J Vis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vis, G.-J., Kasse, C. & Vandenberghe, J. Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeogeography of the Lower Tagus Valley (Portugal): effects of relative sea level, valley morphology and sediment supply. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1682\u20131709 (2008).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.07.020","volume":"26","author":"T van der Schriek","year":"2007","unstructured":"van der Schriek, T., Passmore, D. G., Rol\u00e3o, J. & Stevenson, A. C. Estuarine\u2013fluvial floodplain formation in the Holocene Lower Tagus valley (Central Portugal) and implications for Quaternary fluvial system evolution. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2937\u20132957, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.07.020 (2007).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01942.x","volume":"154","author":"JX Mitrovica","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. On post-glacial sea level: I. General theory. Geophysical Journal International 154, 253\u2013267, doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2003.01942.x (2003).","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02553.x","volume":"161","author":"RA Kendall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kendall, R. A., Mitrovica, J. X. & Milne, G. A. On post-glacial sea level \u2013 II. Numerical formulation and comparative results on spherically symmetric models. Geophysical Journal International 161, 679\u2013706, doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02553.x (2005).","journal-title":"Geophysical Journal International"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR70","first-page":"307","volume":"11","author":"E Leorri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leorri, E., Mulligan, R., Mallinson, D. & Cearreta, A. Sea-level rise and local tidal range changes in coastal embayments: An added complexity in developing reliable sea-level index points. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 11, 307\u2013314 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.04.016","volume":"142","author":"AD Hawkes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hawkes, A. D. et al. Relative sea-level change in northeastern Florida (USA) during the last \u223c8.0\u2009ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 142, 90\u2013101, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.04.016 (2016).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1139\/E10-046","volume":"47","author":"J Shaw","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shaw, J. et al. Catastrophic tidal expansion in the Bay of Fundy, CanadaEarth Sciences Sector (ESS) Contribution 20090423. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, 1079\u20131091, doi: 10.1139\/E10-046 (2010).","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcos, M., Puyol, B., W\u00f6ppelmann, G., Herrero, C. & Garc\u00eda\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez, M. J. The long sea level record at Cadiz (southern Spain) from 1880 to 2009. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978\u20132012) 116, doi: 10.1029\/2011JC007558 (2011).","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007558"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costas, S., Brito, P., Fitzgerald, D. & Goble, R. Climate-driven episodes of dune mobilization and barrier growth along the central coast of Portugal. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 388, doi: 10.1144\/sp388.6 (2013).","DOI":"10.1144\/SP388.6"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.008","volume":"42","author":"S Costas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Costas, S., Jerez, S., Trigo, R. M., Goble, R. & Reb\u00ealo, L. Sand invasion along the Portuguese coast forced by westerly shifts during cold climate events. Quaternary Science Reviews 42, 15\u201328, doi: 10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.03.008 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3839(86)90002-5","volume":"9","author":"RA Holman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holman, R. A. Extreme value statistics for wave run-up on a natural beach. Coastal Engineering 9, 527\u2013544, doi: 10.1016\/0378-3839(86)90002-5 (1986).","journal-title":"Coastal Engineering"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2004.01.004","volume":"66","author":"A Neal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neal, A. Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: principles, problems and progress. Earth-Science Reviews 66, 261\u2013330, doi: 10.1016\/j.earscirev.2004.01.004 (2004).","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2013.11.002","volume":"20","author":"CI Burbidge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burbidge, C. I. et al. Luminescence dating and associated analyses in transition landscapes of the Alto Ribatejo, central Portugal. Quaternary Geochronology 20, 65\u201377, doi: 10.1016\/j.quageo.2013.11.002 (2014).","journal-title":"Quaternary Geochronology"},{"key":"BFsrep38726_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1144\/gsl.sp.2000.166.01.03","volume":"166","author":"BP Horton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horton, B. P., Edwards, R. J. & Lloyd, J. M. Implications of a microfossil-based transfer function in Holocene sea-level studies. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 166, 41\u201354, doi: 10.1144\/gsl.sp.2000.166.01.03 (2000).","journal-title":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep38726.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep38726","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep38726.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:31:28Z","timestamp":1672889488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep38726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep38726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep38726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38726"}}