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One critical challenge is to understand how productivity will change within the next decades. Recent studies have reported extensive phytoplankton blooms beneath ponded sea ice during summer, indicating that satellite-based Arctic annual primary production estimates may be significantly underestimated. Here we present a unique time-series of a phytoplankton spring bloom observed beneath snow-covered Arctic pack ice. The bloom, dominated by the haptophyte algae<jats:italic>Phaeocystis pouchetii<\/jats:italic>, caused near depletion of the surface nitrate inventory and a decline in dissolved inorganic carbon by 16\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009g\u2009C m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. Ocean circulation characteristics in the area indicated that the bloom developed<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>despite the snow-covered sea ice. Leads in the dynamic ice cover provided added sunlight necessary to initiate and sustain the bloom. Phytoplankton blooms beneath snow-covered ice might become more common and widespread in the future Arctic Ocean with frequent lead formation due to thinner and more dynamic sea ice despite projected increases in high-Arctic snowfall. This could alter productivity, marine food webs and carbon sequestration in the Arctic Ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T13:01:41Z","timestamp":1484830901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Assmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Randelhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Mundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lasse M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna M.","family":"Kauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Chierici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Doulgeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jens K.","family":"Ehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Fransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haakon","family":"Hop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Polona","family":"Itkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Boris P.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Kwasniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Laney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Nicolaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexey K.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Polashenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Provost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anja","family":"R\u00f6sel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marthe","family":"Sandbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Spreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lars H.","family":"Smedsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arild","family":"Sundfjord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torbj\u00f8rn","family":"Taskjelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tatarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Wiktor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Penelope M.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mats A.","family":"Granskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep40850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.05.002","volume":"136","author":"KR Arrigo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arrigo, K. 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