{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:13:45Z","timestamp":1778192025266,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with stress urinary incontinence mainly suffer from malfunction of the urethra closure mechanism. We established the decellularization of porcine urethras to produce acellular urethra bioscaffolds for future tissue engineering applications, using bioscaffolds or bioscaffold-derived soluble products. Cellular removal was evaluated by H&amp;E, DAPI and DNA quantification. The presence of specific ECM proteins was assessed through immunofluorescence staining and colorimetric assay kits. Human skeletal muscle myoblasts, muscle progenitor cells and adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions were used to evaluate the recellularization of the acellular urethra bioscaffolds. The mechanochemical decellularization system removed ~93% of tissue\u2019s DNA, generally preserving ECM\u2019s components and microarchitecture. Recellularization was achieved, though methodological advances are required regarding cell seeding strategies and functional assessment. Through microdissection and partial digestion, different urethra ECM-derived coating substrates were formulated (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> containing smooth or skeletal muscle ECM) and used to culture MPCs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The skeletal muscle ECM substrates enhanced fiber formation leading to the expression of the main skeletal muscle-related proteins and genes, as confirmed by immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. The described methodology produced a urethra bioscaffold that retained vital ECM proteins and was liable to cell repopulation, a crucial first step towards the generation of urethra bioscaffold-based Tissue Engineering products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T10:48:36Z","timestamp":1486378116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Acellular Urethra Bioscaffold: Decellularization of Whole Urethras for Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Irina N.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Soker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Atala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Noiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Peleteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joaquim M. S.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eberli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia L.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67925-7","volume":"367","author":"P Norton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Norton, P. & Brubaker, L. Urinary incontinence in women. Lancet 367, 57\u201367 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000077875","volume":"69","author":"JP Heesakkers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heesakkers, J. P. & Gerretsen, R. R. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from a urological perspective. Digestion 69, 93\u2013101 (2004).","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR3","first-page":"3","volume":"6","author":"KM Luber","year":"2004","unstructured":"Luber, K. M. The definition, prevalence, and risk factors for stress urinary incontinence. Rev Urol 6 Suppl 3, 3\u20139 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)69887-2","volume":"165","author":"N Dass","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dass, N., McMurray, G., Greenland, J. E. & Brading, A. F. Morphological aspects of the female pig bladder neck and urethra: quantitative analysis using computer assisted 3-dimensional reconstructions. J Urol 165, 1294\u20131299 (2001).","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.07.135","volume":"176","author":"L Zini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zini, L. et al. The striated urethral sphincter of the pig shows morphological and functional characteristics essential for the evaluation of treatments for sphincter insufficiency. J Urol 176, 2729\u20132735 (2006).","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR6","first-page":"29","volume":"6","author":"ES Rovner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rovner, E. S. & Wein, A. J. Treatment options for stress urinary incontinence. Rev Urol 6 Suppl 3, 29\u201347 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR7","first-page":"151","volume":"53","author":"C Surcel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Surcel, C. et al. Comparative analysis of different surgical procedures for female stress urinary incontinence. Is stem cell implantation the future? Rom J Morphol Embryol 53, 151\u2013154 (2012).","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-200162","volume":"26","author":"S Calve","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calve, S. & Simon, H. G. Biochemical and mechanical environment cooperatively regulate skeletal muscle regeneration. FASEB J 26, 2538\u20132545 (2012).","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.01.006","volume":"98","author":"NU Hansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hansen, N. U., Genovese, F., Leeming, D. J. & Karsdal, M. A. The importance of extracellular matrix for cell function and in vivo likeness. Exp Mol Pathol 98, 286\u2013294 (2015).","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.005","volume":"30","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Tissue-specific extracellular matrix coatings for the promotion of cell proliferation and maintenance of cell phenotype. Biomaterials 30, 4021\u20134028 (2009).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08001.x","volume":"103","author":"D Eberli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eberli, D., Andersson, K. E., Yoo, J. J. & Atala, A. A canine model of irreversible urethral sphincter insufficiency. BJU Int 103, 248\u2013253 (2009).","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e3181efbc61","volume":"58","author":"BT Corona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corona, B. T., Ward, C. L., Harrison, B. S. & Christ, G. J. Regenerative medicine: basic concepts, current status, and future applications. J Investig Med 58, 849\u2013858 (2010).","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/8\/1\/014106","volume":"8","author":"JE Arenas-Herrera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arenas-Herrera, J. E., Ko, I. K., Atala, A. & Yoo, J. J. Decellularization for whole organ bioengineering. Biomed Mater 8, 1\u20139 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1684","volume":"14","author":"HC Ott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ott, H. C. et al. Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature\u2019s platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nature medicine 14, 213\u2013221 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.05.066","volume":"34","author":"SK Goh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goh, S. K. et al. Perfusion-decellularized pancreas as a natural 3D scaffold for pancreatic tissue and whole organ engineering. Biomaterials 34, 6760\u20136772 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181ac15e1","volume":"88","author":"H Mertsching","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mertsching, H. et al. Generation and transplantation of an autologous vascularized bioartificial human tissue. Transplantation 88, 203\u2013210 (2009).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00461.x","volume":"4","author":"A Kadioglu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kadioglu, A. et al. Graft materials in Peyronie\u2019s disease surgery: a comprehensive review. J Sex Med 4, 581\u2013595 (2007).","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.11.101","volume":"179","author":"A El-Kassaby","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Kassaby, A., AbouShwareb, T. & Atala, A. Randomized comparative study between buccal mucosal and acellular bladder matrix grafts in complex anterior urethral strictures. J Urol 179, 1432\u20131436 (2008).","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909367106","volume":"107","author":"KL Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, K. L., Eberli, D., Yoo, J. J. & Atala, A. Bioengineered corporal tissue for structural and functional restoration of the penis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 3346\u20133350 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"V Chaturvedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, V. et al. Interactions between Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts and their Extracellular Matrix Revealed by a Serum Free Culture System. PLoS One 10, 1\u201327, e0127675 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.03.024","volume":"84","author":"JL Ungerleider","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ungerleider, J. L., Johnson, T. D., Rao, N. & Christman, K. L. Fabrication and characterization of injectable hydrogels derived from decellularized skeletal and cardiac muscle. Methods 84, 53\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00114-9","volume":"52","author":"BP Kropp","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kropp, B. P. et al. Rabbit urethral regeneration using small intestinal submucosa onlay grafts. Urology 52, 138\u2013142 (1998).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1647","volume":"9","author":"RE De Filippo","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Filippo, R. E., Kornitzer, B. S., Yoo, J. J. & Atala, A. Penile urethra replacement with autologous cell-seeded tubularized collagen matrices. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 9, 257\u2013264 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24067","volume":"53","author":"PM Baptista","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baptista, P. M. et al. The use of whole organ decellularization for the generation of a vascularized liver organoid. Hepatology 53, 604\u2013617 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139870","volume":"10","author":"A Fiarresga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiarresga, A. et al. Intracoronary Delivery of Human Mesenchymal\/Stromal Stem Cells: Insights from Coronary Microcirculation Invasive Assessment in a Swine Model. PLoS One 10, 1\u201312, e0139870 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2008.10.016","volume":"47","author":"D Eberli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eberli, D., Soker, S., Atala, A. & Yoo, J. J. Optimization of human skeletal muscle precursor cell culture and myofiber formation in vitro . Methods 47, 98\u2013103 (2009).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-999-4_15","volume":"698","author":"F dos Santos","year":"2011","unstructured":"dos Santos, F., Andrade, P. Z., Eibes, G., da Silva, C. L. & Cabral, J. M. Ex vivo expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers. Methods Mol Biol 698, 189\u2013198 (2011).","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.04.001","volume":"15","author":"FS Shah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shah, F. S., Wu, X., Dietrich, M., Rood, J. & Gimble, J. M. A non-enzymatic method for isolating human adipose tissue-derived stromal stem cells. Cytotherapy 15, 979\u2013985 (2013).","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0301","volume":"18","author":"AB Daly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Daly, A. B. et al. Initial binding and recellularization of decellularized mouse lung scaffolds with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Tissue engineering. Part A 18, 1\u201316 (2012).","journal-title":"Tissue engineering. Part A"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20000905)51:3<376::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"51","author":"CE Holy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holy, C. E., Shoichet, M. S. & Davies, J. E. Engineering three-dimensional bone tissue in vitro using biodegradable scaffolds: investigating initial cell-seeding density and culture period. Journal of biomedical materials research 51, 376\u2013382 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of biomedical materials research"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2008.0221","volume":"14","author":"P Thevenot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thevenot, P., Nair, A., Dey, J., Yang, J. & Tang, L. Method to analyze three-dimensional cell distribution and infiltration in degradable scaffolds. Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods 14, 319\u2013331 (2008).","journal-title":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v019a19","volume":"19","author":"KJ Aviss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aviss, K. J., Gough, J. E. & Downes, S. Aligned electrospun polymer fibres for skeletal muscle regeneration. Eur Cell Mater 19, 193\u2013204 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handschin, C., Mortezavi, A., Plock, J. & Eberli, D. External physical and biochemical stimulation to enhance skeletal muscle bioengineering. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 168\u2013175 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.10.021"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3020","volume":"226","author":"V Carmignac","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carmignac, V. & Durbeej, M. Cell-matrix interactions in muscle disease. J Pathol 226, 200\u2013218 (2012).","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, P. M. et al. Whole organ decellularization - a tool for bioscaffold fabrication and organ bioengineering. Conference proceedings: \u2026 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference 2009, 6526\u20136529 (2009).","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5333145"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.01.004","volume":"163","author":"EC Moran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moran, E. C. et al. Whole-organ bioengineering: current tales of modern alchemy. Transl Res 163, 259\u2013267 (2014).","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/term.18","volume":"1","author":"A Atala","year":"2007","unstructured":"Atala, A. Engineering tissues, organs and cells. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 1, 83\u201396 (2007).","journal-title":"Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057","volume":"32","author":"PM Crapo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crapo, P. M., Gilbert, T. W. & Badylak, S. F. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials 32, 3233\u20133243 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasukonis, B., Kim, J., Washington, T. & Wolchok, J. Development of an infusion bioreactor for the accelerated-preparation of decellularized skeletal muscle scaffolds. Biotechnol Prog, 745\u2013755 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.2257"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000344","volume":"37","author":"CH Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, C. H., Yang, J. R., Chiang, N. J., Ma, H. & Tsay, R. Y. Evaluation of decellularized extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle for tissue engineering. Int J Artif Organs 37, 546\u2013555 (2014).","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00490-8","volume":"24","author":"T Walles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walles, T., Herden, T., Haverich, A. & Mertsching, H. Influence of scaffold thickness and scaffold composition on bioartificial graft survival. Biomaterials 24, 1233\u20131239 (2003).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consolo, F. et al. A dynamic distention protocol for whole-organ bladder decellularization: histological and biomechanical characterization of the acellular matrix. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 101\u2013112 (2013).","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1767"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32729","volume":"94","author":"C Feng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feng, C. et al. Evaluation of the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of naturally derived and synthetic scaffolds for urethral reconstruction. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 94, 317\u2013325 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.040","volume":"89","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Perfusion-decellularized skeletal muscle as a three-dimensional scaffold with a vascular network template. Biomaterials 89, 114\u2013126 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2193","volume":"16","author":"HC Ott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ott, H. C. et al. Regeneration and orthotopic transplantation of a bioartificial lung. Nat Med 16, 927\u2013933 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, D., Zreiqat, H., Benkirane-Jessel, N., Ramakrishna, S. & Ramalingam, M. Development of decellularized scaffolds for stem cell-driven tissue engineering. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 1\u201324 (2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2061"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1039\/b919452p","volume":"39","author":"JF Almine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almine, J. F. et al. Elastin-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 39, 3371\u20133379 (2010).","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12425","volume":"40","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Decreased expression of elastin and lysyl oxidase family genes in urogenital tissues of aging mice. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 40, 1998\u20132004 (2014).","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10112.x","volume":"857","author":"S Miyamoto","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miyamoto, S., Katz, B. Z., Lafrenie, R. M. & Yamada, K. M. Fibronectin and integrins in cell adhesion, signaling, and morphogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 857, 119\u2013129 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.06.003","volume":"49","author":"A Naba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naba, A. et al. The extracellular matrix: Tools and insights for the \u201comics\u201d era. Matrix Biol 49, 10\u201324 (2016).","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR51","first-page":"785474","volume":"2015","author":"Q Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. Optimizing perfusion-decellularization methods of porcine livers for clinical-scale whole-organ bioengineering. Biomed Res Int 2015, 785474, 1\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2012.08.023","volume":"115","author":"KM Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park, K. M., Park, S. M., Yang, S. R., Hong, S. H. & Woo, H. M. Preparation of immunogen-reduced and biocompatible extracellular matrices from porcine liver. J Biosci Bioeng 115, 207\u2013215 (2013).","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR53","first-page":"539","volume":"Vol.","author":"T A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"A., T. Guidelines for industrial radiation sterilization of disposable medical products. Vol. IAEA-TECDOC-539 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1990).","journal-title":"Guidelines for industrial radiation sterilization of disposable medical products"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR54","unstructured":"Sterilization of health care products\u2013Radiation sterilization\u2013Substantiation of 25\u2009kGy as a sterilization dose for small or infrequent production batches. in ISO\/TC 198 Sterilization of health care products (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, 2002)."},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR55","first-page":"2952","volume":"126","author":"B Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, B., Zheng, J. H. & Zhang, Y. Y. Myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for muscle regeneration in urinary tract. Chin Med J (Engl) 126, 2952\u20132959 (2013).","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07914.x","volume":"156","author":"T Wong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong, T., McGrath, J. A. & Navsaria, H. The role of fibroblasts in tissue engineering and regeneration. Br J Dermatol 156, 1149\u20131155 (2007).","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10137","volume":"37","author":"MI Maqsood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maqsood, M. I., Matin, M. M., Bahrami, A. R. & Ghasroldasht, M. M. Immortality of cell lines: challenges and advantages of establishment. Cell biology international 37, 1038\u20131045 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell biology international"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.01.149","volume":"31","author":"KA Corin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corin, K. A. & Gibson, L. J. Cell contraction forces in scaffolds with varying pore size and cell density. Biomaterials 31, 4835\u20134845 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2010.00608.x","volume":"10","author":"K Shigemoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shigemoto, K. et al. Muscle weakness and neuromuscular junctions in aging and disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 10 Suppl 1, S137\u2013147 (2010).","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"BFsrep41934_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.03.005","volume":"17","author":"JJ Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song, J. J. & Ott, H. C. Organ engineering based on decellularized matrix scaffolds. Trends Mol Med 17, 424\u2013432 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41934.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41934","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41934.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1671828018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep41934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep41934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41934"}}