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We collected 332 wolf-like scats over ca. 5,000km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>in the NW Iberian Peninsula to evaluate wolf-dog hybridization at population level in a single breeding\/pup-rearing season. Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) and 18 ancestry informative markers were used for species and individual identification, and to detect wolf-dog hybrids. Genetic relatedness was assessed between hybrids and wolves. We identified 130 genotypes, including 67 wolves and 7 hybrids. Three of the hybrids were backcrosses to dog whereas the others were backcrosses to wolf, the latter accounting for a 5.6% rate of introgression into the wolf population. Our results show a previously undocumented scenario of multiple and widespread wolf-dog hybridization events at the population level. However, there is a clear maintenance of wolf genetic identity, as evidenced by the sharp genetic identification of pure individuals, suggesting the resilience of wolf populations to a small amount of hybridization. We consider that real-time population level assessments of hybridization provide a new perspective into the debate on wolf conservation, with particular focus on current management guidelines applied in wolf-dog hybridization events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,14]],"date-time":"2017-02-14T12:55:08Z","timestamp":1487076908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Spatial assessment of wolf-dog hybridization in a single breeding period"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. V.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. 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