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It is well known that the onset of AD is preceded by a long preclinical period. It is thus critical to establish diagnostic biomarkers that can predict the risk of developing AD prior to clinical manifestation of dementia, for effective prevention and early intervention. With the emergence of potential promising approaches to treat AD targeting the \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2) pathway, such as gamma-secretase inhibitors and vaccine therapy, there is an urgent need for such diagnostic markers. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A\u03b2 and tau protein levels are candidate biomarkers for AD, the invasive sampling procedure with associated complications limits their use in routine clinical practice. Plasma A\u03b2 has been suggested as an inexpensive and non-invasive biomarker for AD. Although most previous cross-sectional studies on plasma A\u03b2 level in humans failed to show a significant difference between individuals with AD compared to healthy older adults, many strategies are under investigation to improve the diagnostic potential of plasma A\u03b2. One promising approach is to modify the plasma A\u03b2 level using some potential modulators. It is possible that a difference in plasma A\u03b2 level might be unmasked by evaluating the response to stimulation by a modulator. Anti-A\u03b2 antibody and A\u03b2 binding proteins have been reported to be such modulators of plasma A\u03b2. In addition, the glucometabolic or hormonal status appears to modulate the plasma A\u03b2 level. Our recent study has shown the possibility that glucose loading could be a novel simple strategy to modulate the plasma A\u03b2 level, making it better suited for early diagnosis. This review summarizes the utility and limitations of current biomarkers of AD and discusses future strategies to improve the diagnostic potential of plasma A\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1039\/c003148h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,21]],"date-time":"2010-06-21T10:00:16Z","timestamp":1277114416000},"page":"1760-1766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Plasma \u03b2-amyloid as potential biomarker of Alzheimer disease: possibility of diagnostic tool for Alzheimer disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shuko","family":"Takeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University b , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University a , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan \u00a0 morishit@cgt.med.osaka-u.ac.jp \u00a0 81-6-6879-3409 \u00a0 81-6-6879-3406"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University b , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University a , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan \u00a0 morishit@cgt.med.osaka-u.ac.jp \u00a0 81-6-6879-3409 \u00a0 81-6-6879-3406"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Rakugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University b , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University a , Yamada-oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan \u00a0 morishit@cgt.med.osaka-u.ac.jp \u00a0 81-6-6879-3409 \u00a0 81-6-6879-3406"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012913211667500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1495","volume":"5","author":"Citron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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