{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:24:10Z","timestamp":1790522650812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present study shows that hydrophobic and cell-penetrating piperidine-type nitroxide radicals SLENU and TEMPOL, but not hydrophilic and partially penetrating or non-penetrating pyrrolidine-type nitroxides carbamoyl-PROXYL and carboxy-PROXYL, are appropriate contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cancer, based on its functionality \u2013 tissue redox activity. The experiments were conducted on anesthetized mice: healthy and neuroblastoma-bearing in a moderate stage of cancer development. The method is based on the nitroxide redox cycle, coupled with appearance or disappearance of the MRI signal. The half-life (\u03c41\/2) of a nitroxide-enhanced MRI signal in the respective tissue was used as a marker to assess tissue redox activity to the nitroxide radical. In the case of SLENU and TEMPOL, there were large differences in the histograms between control and cancer-bearing mice. All tissues (cancer and non-cancer) of cancer-bearing organisms were characterized by a long-lived MRI signal (\u03c41\/2 &amp;gt; 14 min), indicating a high oxidative activity. The tissues of healthy organisms were characterized by a short-lived MRI signal (\u03c41\/2 = 1\u20133 min), indicating a high reducing activity. In the case of carbamoyl-PROXYL and carboxy-PROXYL, there was no difference in the histograms between control and cancer-bearing mice. The data show that the penetration of nitroxide in cells and tissues is obligatory for imaging of cancer, based on its redox activity. The principle of the method is applicable also to biopsy specimens, using MRI or EPR spectroscopy. We provide direct evidence that the nitroxide redox cycle could be used as a sensing platform for functional imaging of different pathologies, based on changes in cellular and tissue redox activity, as in the case of cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1039\/c2mb25128k","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]],"date-time":"2012-05-24T06:58:54Z","timestamp":1337842734000},"page":"2733-2740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cell-penetrating nitroxides as molecular sensors for imaging of cancer\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    , based on tissue redox activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhivko","family":"Zhelev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, NIRS-Chiba a , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan bakalova@nirs.go.jp +81-43-206-3274 +81-43-206-3274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veselina","family":"Gadjeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Trakia University b , 11 Armeiska Str., Stara Zagora 6000 Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichio","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, NIRS-Chiba a , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan bakalova@nirs.go.jp +81-43-206-3274 +81-43-206-3274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumiana","family":"Bakalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, NIRS-Chiba a , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan bakalova@nirs.go.jp +81-43-206-3274 +81-43-206-3274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuneo","family":"Saga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, NIRS-Chiba a , 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan bakalova@nirs.go.jp +81-43-206-3274 +81-43-206-3274"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012913062402300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1722","volume":"9","author":"Soule","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. 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