{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T02:16:59Z","timestamp":1767925019427,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory and fibrotic disease of the pancreas which encompasses a variety of clinical syndromes ranging from mild to life-threatening complications. Metabolomics has increasingly been applied to identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis with particular interest in diseases at an early stage. In this study, we tested a swine obstructive CP model by subtotal ligation of the main pancreatic duct, and the metabolic profiles of the Bama miniature swine pancreas were investigated using high-resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR MAS 1H MRS) combined with principal components analysis (PCA). Increases in lactate and choline for mild CP and decreases in glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, betaine and glycine were observed from normal pancreas to mild, moderate and severe CP. PCA results showed visual separations among the groups. The increase of choline at an early stage of CP and the decrease of glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, betaine and glycine reveal the pathogenesis of CP at a molecular level. The MRS results presented here demonstrate the potential of metabolic profiles in discriminating a normal pancreas from different stages of CP, which may be used to achieve CP early diagnosis and timely intervention to prevent irreversible destruction of the pancreas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mb70406h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]],"date-time":"2013-11-12T09:00:49Z","timestamp":1384246849000},"page":"467-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects choline as a biomarker in a swine obstructive chronic pancreatitis model at an early stage"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University a , Room 182. Building 10. 168 Changhai Rd., Shanghai China 200433 sgf1256@163.com changjing.zuo@gmail.com +86-021-31162238 +86-021-31162245"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University b , 247 Renmin Rd. Jiangbei District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, China 315000 woxingw@sina.com +86-021-31162238 +86-135-86582317"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University a , Room 182. Building 10. 168 Changhai Rd., Shanghai China 200433 sgf1256@163.com changjing.zuo@gmail.com +86-021-31162238 +86-021-31162245"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital c , Shanghai China 200433"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengwei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital c , Shanghai China 200433"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital d , Shanghai China 200433"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital e , Shanghai China 200433"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University f , 12 Wulumuqi Mid Rd., Shanghai China 200040 xyfeng@shmu.edu.cn +86-021-62494381 +86-021-62494381"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University a , Room 182. Building 10. 168 Changhai Rd., Shanghai China 200433 sgf1256@163.com changjing.zuo@gmail.com +86-021-31162238 +86-021-31162245"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026010815163114500_cit1","first-page":"487","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis","volume":"22","author":"DiMagno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70240-6","article-title":"Risk factors for cancer in hereditary pancreatitis. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group","volume":"84","author":"Lowenfels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01075.x","article-title":"et al., Incidence of cancer in the course of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"94","author":"Talamini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282001","article-title":"et al., Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer","volume":"328","author":"Lowenfels","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.039263","article-title":"et al., Cigarette smoking accelerates progression of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis","volume":"54","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit6","first-page":"1467","article-title":"et al., Prognosis of chronic pancreatitis: an international multicenter study. International Pancreatitis Study Group","volume":"89","author":"Lowenfels","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-200311000-00002","article-title":"The epidemiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Dufour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510024133","article-title":"Long-term recurrence and death rates after acute pancreatitis","volume":"41","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000236733.31617.52","article-title":"Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Yadav","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0432-5","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Strate","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal. Dis."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.08.008","article-title":"The early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"6","author":"Forsmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000177030","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of endoscopic ultrasound-guided punctures","volume":"26","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit13","first-page":"91","article-title":"et al., Magnetic resonance imaging of bile and pancreatic ducts: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Bolog","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rom. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.611","article-title":"et al., Connections between genetics and clinical data: role of MCP-1, CFTR, and SPINK-1 in the setting of acute, acute recurrent, and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"105","author":"Cavestro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70046-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: is a gold standard necessary?","volume":"79","author":"Clain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-93","article-title":"A proposal for a new clinical classification of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"9","author":"B\u00fcchler","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2003.06.004","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: relation between function and morphology","volume":"36","author":"Maartense","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000155522.89005.bf","article-title":"Reduced CFTR function and the pathobiology of idiopathic pancreatitis","volume":"39","author":"Cohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1021\/tx990210t","article-title":"et al., Chemometric models for toxicity classification based on NMR spectra of biofluids","volume":"13","author":"Holmes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199806\/08)11:4\/5<235::AID-NBM507>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"et al., Development of a model for classification of toxin-induced lesions using 1H NMR spectroscopy of urine combined with pattern recognition","volume":"11","author":"Holmes","year":"1998","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i16.2126","article-title":"Study on chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer using MRS and pancreatic juice samples","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)03175-1","article-title":"Choline containing metabolites during cell transfection: an insight into magnetic resonance spectroscopy detectable changes","volume":"509","author":"Griffin","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199906)41:6<1108::AID-MRM6>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"et al., High-resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopic studies on intact rat renal cortex and medulla","volume":"41","author":"Garrod","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00589.x","article-title":"et al., Discrimination of metabolic profiles of pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis by high-resolution magic angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and principal components analysis","volume":"98","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.973","article-title":"Quantification of phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine with 31P edited 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/2.2.87","article-title":"Quantification of microheterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme with ex vivo high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320202","article-title":"et al., Quantitative proton spectroscopy of canine brain: in vivo and in vitro correlations","volume":"32","author":"Barker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(88)82970-9","article-title":"Anisotropic 2H-nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation in cerebroside- and phospholipid-cholesterol bilayer membranes","volume":"54","author":"Siminovitch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00182-8","article-title":"et al., In vivo1H MRS choline: correlation with in vitro chemistry\/histology","volume":"58","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199410000-00005","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain tumors: an in vitro study","volume":"35","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-003-0025-5","article-title":"Cervical cancer tissue characterized by high resolution magic angle spinning MR spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Sitter","year":"2004","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rct.0000153956.33296.b5","article-title":"et al., Differentiation of chronic focal pancreatitis from pancreatic carcinoma by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"29","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Assisted Tomogr."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit33","first-page":"57","article-title":"Metabolic characteristics of acute necrotizing pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Govindaraju","year":"2000","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1998.1433","article-title":"Spectral editing techniques for the in vitro and in vivo detection of taurine","volume":"133","author":"Hardy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NERE.0000010440.37629.17","article-title":"Taurine and its chloramine: modulators of immunity","volume":"29","author":"Schuller-Levis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010815163114500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05127.x","article-title":"et al., Oral administration of taurine improve experimental pancreatic fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Akinori","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010815163114500_cit38","first-page":"329","article-title":"et al., Effect of Taurine on Acinar Cell Apoptosis and Pancreatic Fibrosis in Dibutyltin Dichloride-induced Chronic Pancreatitis","volume":"66","author":"Koki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010815163114500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.2877","article-title":"et al., Metabolic and autocrine regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin by pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"51","author":"McDaniel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010815163114500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1246","article-title":"et al., Leucine deprivation increases hepatic insulin sensitivity via GCN2\/Mtor\/s6k1 and AMPK pathways","volume":"60","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010815163114500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.01.001","article-title":"The GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase regulates fatty-acid homeostasis in the liver during deprivation of an essential amino acid","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010815163114500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1123-8","article-title":"et al., Isoleucine or valine deprivation stimulates fat loss via increasing energy expenditures and regulating lipid metabolism in WAT","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2026010815163114500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0396-323","article-title":"et al., Accurate noninvasive diagnosis of human brain cancer by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Preul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Molecular BioSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molecular-omics\/article-pdf\/10\/3\/467\/65457619\/c3mb70406h.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molecular-omics\/article-pdf\/10\/3\/467\/65457619\/c3mb70406h.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:27:37Z","timestamp":1767904057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/molecular-omics\/article\/10\/3\/467\/8324620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c3mb70406h","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2051","1742-206X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2051","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1742-206X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,12]]}}}