{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:01:34Z","timestamp":1790654494143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Faraday Discuss."],"abstract":"<p>\n                    Cavity enhanced spectroscopy, CES, is a high sensitivity direct absorption method that has seen increasing utility in the last decade, a period also marked by increasing requirements for understanding human impacts on atmospheric composition. This paper describes the current NOAA six channel cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS, the most common form of CES) for measurement of nitrogen oxides and O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    . It further describes the results from measurements from a tower 300 m above the urban area of Seoul in late spring of 2015. The campaign demonstrates the performance of the CRDS instrument and provides new data on both photochemistry and nighttime chemistry in a major Asian megacity. The instrument provided accurate, high time resolution data for N\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>5<\/sub>\n                    , NO, NO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    , NO\n                    <sub>y<\/sub>\n                    and O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    , but suffered from large wall loss in the sampling of NO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    , illustrating the requirement for calibration of the NO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    inlet transmission. Both the photochemistry and nighttime chemistry of nitrogen oxides and O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    were rapid in this megacity. Sustained average rates of O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    buildup of 10 ppbv h\n                    <sup>\u22121<\/sup>\n                    during recurring morning and early afternoon sea breezes led to a 50 ppbv average daily O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    rise. Nitrate radical production rates,\n                    <italic>P<\/italic>\n                    (NO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    ), averaged 3\u20134 ppbv h\n                    <sup>\u22121<\/sup>\n                    in late afternoon and early evening, much greater than contemporary data from Los Angeles, a comparable U. S. megacity. These\n                    <italic>P<\/italic>\n                    (NO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    ) were much smaller than historical data from Los Angeles, however. Nighttime data at 300 m above ground showed considerable variability in high time resolution nitrogen oxide and O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    , likely resulting from sampling within gradients in the nighttime boundary layer structure. Apparent nighttime biogenic VOC oxidation rates of several ppbv h\n                    <sup>\u22121<\/sup>\n                    were also likely influenced by vertical gradients. Finally, daytime N\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>5<\/sub>\n                    mixing ratios of 3\u201335 pptv were associated with rapid daytime\n                    <italic>P<\/italic>\n                    (NO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    ) and agreed well with a photochemical steady state calculation.\n                  <\/p>","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fd00001d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T05:26:37Z","timestamp":1485753997000},"page":"529-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cavity enhanced spectroscopy for measurement of nitrogen oxides in the Anthropocene: results from the Seoul tower during MAPS 2015"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"200","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division"},{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Boulder"},{"name":"USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences"},{"name":"Korea University"},{"name":"Seoul"},{"name":"South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meehye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences"},{"name":"Korea University"},{"name":"Seoul"},{"name":"South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate and Air Quality Research Department"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Research"},{"name":"Incheon"},{"name":"South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Deok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate and Air Quality Research Department"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Research"},{"name":"Incheon"},{"name":"South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Forest Environment Protection"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy L.","family":"Fibiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division"},{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Boulder"},{"name":"USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"McDuffie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division"},{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Boulder"},{"name":"USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division"},{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Boulder"},{"name":"USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division"},{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Boulder"},{"name":"USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Eun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Gwangju"},{"name":"South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"reference":[{"key":"C7FD00001D-(cit1)\/*[position()=1]","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/415023a","volume":"415","author":"Crutzen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"C7FD00001D-(cit2)\/*[position()=1]","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aad2622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2622","volume":"351","author":"Waters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"C7FD00001D-(cit3)\/*[position()=1]","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180353","volume":"326","author":"Jimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"C7FD00001D-(cit4)\/*[position()=1]","first-page":"D23S32","volume":"111","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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