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Moreover, our understanding of mechanisms governing the discrimination between micronutrients and toxic metals on the level of individual proteins to the whole-organism level is incomplete. Metallothioneins are able to bind heavy metal ions, and roles in zinc homeostasis have been proposed. Here, we have studied the in vitro and in vivo metal-binding abilities of Brassica napus type 4 metallothionein (BnMT4) and its expression in germinating seeds in response to metal treatment. Our studies on the regulation of MT4 expression by metals at early stages of ontogenic development have revealed for the first time that the mRNA levels of BnMT4 were elevated in response to cadmium and zinc. Given this unexpected metalloregulation, and the dramatic differences in protein folding as detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy, we suggest that the BnMT4 protein may not only have a role in zinc homeostasis in early ontogenesis, but also the potential to discriminate between zinc and cadmium, perhaps via differential recognition of Cd- and Zn-complexes by cellular components involved in protein turnover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/c8mt00161h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T13:04:00Z","timestamp":1535979840000},"page":"1430-1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The type 4 metallothionein from <i>Brassica napus<\/i> seeds folds in a metal-dependent fashion and favours zinc over other metals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-7328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mierek-Adamska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, . Tel: +44-(0)2476-528264","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna B","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia A","family":"Blindauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, . 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Sci."},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx465","article-title":"Trace metal metabolism in plants","volume":"69","author":"Andresen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.05.016","article-title":"The zinc homeostasis network of land plants","volume":"1823","author":"Sinclair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00011463","article-title":"Importance of seed zinc content for wheat growth on zinc deficient soil. I. 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Like mammalian Zn2+ metallothionein genes, wheat Zn2+ metallothionein genes are conspicuously expressed during embryogenesis","volume":"209","author":"Kawashima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00813.x","article-title":"Characterization of the Arabidopsis metallothionein gene family: tissue-specific expression and induction during senescence and in response to copper","volume":"159","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.2319","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a seed-specific metallothionein-like protein from sesame","volume":"69","author":"Chyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem."},{"key":"2024112100295737000_cit30","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Characteristics of Brassica napus L. metallothionein genes: expression in organs and during seed germination","volume":"7","author":"D\u0105browska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. 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