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However, the mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. The activated microglia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and thus could be involved in mediating the toxic effects of lanthanum on the CNS. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) is a critical nuclear factor which regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators in the activated microglia. This study investigated the effects of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and explored the relationship between the microglia activation and neuron damage induced by La in vitro. The results showed that BV2 microglial cells treated with 0, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 mM LaCl3 could up-regulate the expression of Iba1 protein, a marker of microglia activation, and of p-IKK\u03b1\u03b2 and p-I\u03baB\u03b1 in a dose-dependent manner. La could also increase the translocation of the NF-\u03baB p65 subunit from the cytosol into the nucleus, and then elevate the production of NO, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and MCP-1 by BV2 microglial cells. In a neuron\u2013microglia co-culture system, BV2 microglia treated with LaCl3 resulted in a significant increase of the rates of neuron apoptosis. Conversely, the pre-treatment with PDTC (an inhibitor of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway) could inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines and reduce the number of apoptotic neurons caused by La. These findings suggested that the neuron injury induced by LaCl3 might be related to the abnormal activation of microglia, which could remarkably increase the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines via activating the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/c9mt00108e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T03:04:15Z","timestamp":1558667055000},"page":"1277-1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lanthanum chloride induces neuron damage by activating the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in activated microglia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Licheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21, Bohai road, Caofeidian New Area, Tangshan 063210, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuihong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021121516072399100_cit1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Study on the effects of exposure to rare earth elements and health-responses in children aged 7\u201310 years","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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