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Efficient detection of oestrus is a key component in successful reproductive livestock management programmes. Oestrus detection in cattle is most often performed by visual observation, such as mounting behaviour and standing heat, to facilitate more successful prediction of optimal time points for artificial insemination. This time-consuming method requires a skilled, diligent observer. Biological measurements using easily accessible biomolecules in the cervico-vaginal mucus could provide an alternative strategy to physical methods of oestrus detection, providing an inexpensive means of rapidly and accurately assessing the onset of oestrus. In this study, glycosylation changes in cervico-vaginal mucus from three heifers following oestrus induction were investigated as a proof of concept to assess whether potential glycosylation-based trends could be useful for oestrus stage indication. Mucus collected at different time points following oestrus induction was immobilised in a microarray format and its glycosylation interrogated with a panel of fluorescently labelled lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins with different specificities. Individual animal-specific glycosylation patterns were observed, however each pattern followed a similar trend around oestrus. This unique oestrus-associated glycosylation was identified by a combination of relative binding of the lectins SNA-I and WFA for each animal. This alteration in cervico-vaginal mucus glycosylation could potentially be exploited in future to more accurately identify optimal fertilisation intervention points compared to visual signs. More effective oestrus biomarkers will lead to more successful livestock reproductive programmes, decreasing costs and animal stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1039\/d0mo00193g","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T10:52:02Z","timestamp":1615287122000},"page":"338-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examination of oestrus-dependent alterations of bovine cervico-vaginal mucus glycosylation for potential as optimum fertilisation indicators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Le Berre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"},{"name":"Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway a , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 lokesh.joshi@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared Q","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"},{"name":"Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway a , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 lokesh.joshi@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Loughrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"},{"name":"Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway a , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 lokesh.joshi@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Creavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"},{"name":"Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway a , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 lokesh.joshi@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin c , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin c , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin c , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lokesh","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"},{"name":"Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway a , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 lokesh.joshi@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Kilcoyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Discipline of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway d , Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway b , Galway, Ireland \u00a0 michelle.kilcoyne@nuigalway.ie"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010813083515800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-017-0112-y","article-title":"Reproductive management in dairy cows - the future.","volume":"71","author":"Crowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ir. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026010813083515800_cit19","first-page":"103","article-title":"Crystallization of Bovine Cervical Mucus at Oestrus: An Update","volume":"28","author":"Cort\u00e9s Cort\u00e9s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010813083515800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158687","article-title":"The Effects of Hormones and Vaginal Microflora on the Glycome of the Female Genital Tract: Cervical-Vaginal Fluid","volume":"11","author":"Moncla","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026010813083515800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19020299.x","article-title":"Lectin binding patterns of porcine oviduct mucosa and endometrium during the oestrous cycle","volume":"190","author":"Walter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2026010813083515800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.01.007","article-title":"Oestrus synchronisation and superovulation alter the cervicovaginal mucus proteome of the ewe","volume":"155","author":"Maddison","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026010813083515800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00088.2012","article-title":"Molecular aspects of mucin biosynthesis and mucus formation in the bovine cervix during the periestrous period","volume":"44","author":"Pluta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010813083515800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.052332","article-title":"Proteomes of the Female Genital Tract During the Oestrous Cycle","volume":"15","author":"Soleilhavoup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010813083515800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1021\/ac203404n","article-title":"Construction of a natural mucin microarray and interrogation for biologically relevant glyco-epitopes","volume":"84","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010813083515800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu019","article-title":"Cross-platform comparison of glycan microarray formats","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026010813083515800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01009","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Microarray Platform for Detection of Serum Antibodies Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharides","volume":"92","author":"Campanero-Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. 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