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A strict system is thus needed to maintain Cu homeostasis. Using the ZFL zebrafish liver cell line as a model, we studied the cellular responses after exposure to Cu2+, using whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen nearly all transcriptomes in cell samples and identify changes in gene expression. ZFL cells were treated with 100, 200, or 400 \u03bcM CuCl2 and harvested after 4 and 24 h. RNA was then extracted and subjected to RNA-Seq and qPCR validation. Exposure to 400 \u03bcM CuCl2 for 4 h and 24 h led to the regulation of 5993 and 4235 genes, respectively. In a gene ontology enrichment analysis, Cu2+ exposure enriched the nitrogen compound metabolic process and antioxidant activity but did not significantly affect cellular copper, zinc, iron and calcium ion homeostasis. In a KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, anti-oxidative stress induced the glutathione metabolism pathway. Furthermore, Cu2+ also induced genes related to apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle in the G2 phase. This study was based on the full gene expression profile combined with pathway analysis details, providing a full cellular response picture for Cu.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d0mt00005a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T15:43:22Z","timestamp":1584114202000},"page":"732-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of the zebrafish liver cell line, ZFL, after acute exposure to Cu2+ ions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Man Long","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue Lei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4761-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121004460650300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.50","article-title":"Mitochondrial Copper Metabolism and Delivery to Cytochrome c Oxidase","volume":"60","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"2021121004460650300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00159-8","article-title":"Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients","volume":"189","author":"Gaetke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2021121004460650300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MT00159J","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Copper Transporters zCtr1, zAtox1, zAtp7a and zAtp7b in zebrafish liver cell line ZFL","volume":"11","author":"Kwok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"2021121004460650300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.4628","article-title":"The importance of Zebrafish in biomedical research","volume":"26","author":"Tavares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med. 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