{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:47:29Z","timestamp":1783547249942,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":413,"URL":"http:\/\/rsc.li\/journals-terms-of-use"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12374123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12374123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11974047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12004319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12004319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12104322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12104197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012234","name":"Shenzhen Peacock Plan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20180413181702403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180413181702403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3505301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3505301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-06711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-06711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-04229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-04229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanoscale"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study establishes that Joule heating combined with Spin\u2013Orbit Torque (SOT) effectively induces the stripe domain \u2013 skyrmion transition in magnetic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d3nr05803d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T02:01:10Z","timestamp":1708135270000},"page":"7068-7075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Generation of skyrmions by combining thermal and spin\u2013orbit torque: breaking half skyrmions into skyrmions"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6046-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laichuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Spin Physics, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Material Diagnostic Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Spin Physics, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senfu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University & Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030006, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University & Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology, Taiyuan, 030006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"\u00c5kerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden"},{"name":"Science and Innovation in Spintronics Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"reference":[{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.1.074405","volume":"1","author":"Karube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.227202","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15474-8","volume":"11","author":"Birch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.180410","volume":"95","author":"Fujima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36556","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b12694","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aadd59","volume":"51","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035819","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/acb862","volume":"98","author":"Ojha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4593","volume":"15","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.313","volume":"11","author":"Moreau-Luchaire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.315","volume":"11","author":"Boulle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.44","volume":"1","author":"Wiesendanger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065006","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/6\/065006","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29991-1","volume":"13","author":"Jena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054421","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.054421","volume":"95","author":"Fujita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192403","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046033","volume":"118","author":"Gerlinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7362","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03653","volume":"18","author":"Je","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32525-4","volume":"13","author":"Juge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01028","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b02097","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6148","volume":"5","author":"Koshibae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b05257","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22638","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22638","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy109","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.243","volume":"8","author":"Nagaosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b04010","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064412","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.064412","volume":"92","author":"Komineas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15765","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15765","volume":"8","author":"Hrabec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00328","volume":"17","author":"Schott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9400","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09400","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17031","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.31","volume":"210","author":"Fert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b04722","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08LT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa5838","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064004","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.15.064004","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064018","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.9.064018","volume":"9","author":"Pinna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214432","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.214432","volume":"101","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103002","DOI":"10.35848\/1882-0786\/ac2242","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055210","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0084546","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024030","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.024030","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/abd12c","volume":"54","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2017.2769672","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1442","volume":"349","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5652","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.020402","volume":"94","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184426","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.184426","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05024-1","volume":"609","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit46\/1","unstructured":"K3 IS Camera,  https:\/\/www.gatan.com\/products\/tem-imaging-spectroscopy\/k3-camera-0"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095315","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0090714","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054437","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.84.054437","volume":"84","author":"Fangohr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054437","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.054437","volume":"107","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39007-1","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024032","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.9.024032","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043004","DOI":"10.1143\/APEX.4.043004","volume":"4","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A179","DOI":"10.1021\/ed058pA179.1","volume":"58","author":"Blei","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1063\/1.324195","volume":"48","author":"Gaunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.104427","volume":"102","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay1876","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay1876","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000060","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202000060","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Quantum Technol."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0345-2","volume":"14","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04563-4","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-019-0242-5","volume":"2","author":"Casiraghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00731","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D3NR05803D\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107133","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4899186","volume":"4","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Adv."}],"container-title":["Nanoscale"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2024\/NR\/D3NR05803D","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T21:34:05Z","timestamp":1782941645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/nr\/article\/16\/14\/7068-7075\/818785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3nr05803d","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-3364","2040-3372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-3364","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-3372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}