{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:41:28Z","timestamp":1791855688051,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006309","name":"American Parkinson Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R35GM147408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R35GM147408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008562","name":"University of Texas at Austin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005191","name":"Craig H. Neilsen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomater. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review summarizes na\u00efve extracellular vesicles (EVs) in clinical trials for central nervous system (CNS) diseases and updates recent translational preclinical research on EV-loaded drugs or genes for CNS treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d4bm01394h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T02:26:43Z","timestamp":1738031203000},"page":"1161-1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Extracellular vesicles as drug and gene delivery vehicles in central nervous system diseases"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8917-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyran","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitya","family":"Mirle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","volume":"12","author":"El Andaloussi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-021-00683-w","volume":"21","author":"Aslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.047399","volume":"122","author":"Lykke-Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1234","volume":"5","author":"Evguenieva-Hackenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2595-9","volume":"75","author":"Hessvik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1161","volume":"183","author":"Raposo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0598-594","volume":"4","author":"Zitvogel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81134","volume":"126","author":"Zappulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102252","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124407","volume":"21","author":"Banks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03122-5","volume":"13","author":"Yari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.03.009","volume":"356","author":"Nieland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM00558A","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit15\/1","first-page":"1822","volume":"7","author":"Sakthiswary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02324-x","volume":"58","author":"Fayazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.05.004","author":"Trigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.68","volume":"12","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121949","volume":"293","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.152","volume":"33","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01606-5","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit22\/1","first-page":"8844730","volume":"2020","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1446-z","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03212-4","volume":"13","author":"Ghasempour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02611-4","volume":"22","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122743","volume":"350","author":"Mousavikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040823","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015204","volume":"48","author":"Xin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit29\/1","first-page":"e920855","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2641-5","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0654-7","volume":"10","author":"Otero-Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00919-y","volume":"20","author":"Seyedaghamiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02051","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00211","volume":"10","author":"Bang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1409","volume":"31","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X693031","volume":"26","author":"Xin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20950489","volume":"41","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.439","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12024","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12024","volume":"10","author":"Kuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit40\/1","first-page":"3030","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202466","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00324-0","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1159\/000490078","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118403","volume":"260","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit45\/1","first-page":"780","volume":"11","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0193-0","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070883","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit48\/1","first-page":"1983","volume":"18","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02091-x","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27519","volume":"120","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.369114","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114547","volume":"370","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/01677063.2023.2259995","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurogenet."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136635","volume":"779","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.346466","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00753-4","volume":"11","author":"Spellicy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.374143","volume":"19","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01201-y","volume":"43","author":"Mot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2023.10.004","volume":"8","author":"Beylerli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Non-coding RNA Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit60\/1","first-page":"1109","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-02714-z","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7575","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijcaap.2021.020","volume":"6","author":"Shivani","year":"2021","journal-title":"IP Int. J. Compr. Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116064","volume":"222","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02393-2","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15285","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203088","volume":"13","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_441_21","volume":"13","author":"Dehghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101143","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101143","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041769","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12510","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12510","volume":"13","author":"Mizenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.105","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","volume":"29","author":"Alvarez-Erviti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.164","volume":"19","author":"Zhuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25978","volume":"29","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.03.033","volume":"207","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.126","volume":"24","author":"Didiot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.08.035","volume":"287","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26712","volume":"31","author":"Nonnekes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit79\/1","first-page":"45","volume":"19","author":"Izadpanah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab354","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.07.011","volume":"142","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045765","volume":"142","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.59","volume":"1","author":"Driedonks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09875-w","volume":"15","author":"Shahjin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.266908","volume":"15","author":"Shaimardanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010051","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S417465","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des., Dev. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01657-4","volume":"8","author":"Iyaswamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3399248\/v1","author":"Richards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S442876","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04461-4","volume":"21","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadl3406","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl3406","volume":"10","author":"Aliakbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01622","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14661","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14661","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150260","volume":"725","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12819","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.033","volume":"365","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.02.015","volume":"368","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.92703","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02414-7","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.10.007","volume":"363","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114730","volume":"375","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00695-6","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0650","volume":"41","author":"Nishimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c13150","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01478-2","volume":"403","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00454-1","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0036-2","volume":"24","author":"Toda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09562-7","volume":"10","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit113\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13710","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00516-y","volume":"10","author":"Weller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0519-x","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188616","volume":"1876","author":"Tomar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21304","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802997-8.00023-2","volume":"134","author":"Wirsching","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0055-y","volume":"5","author":"Achrol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit122\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","volume":"133","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit123\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgad062","volume":"75","author":"Ishida","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit124\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.06.013","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit125\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.05.012","volume":"31","author":"Rufino-Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit126\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01150-x","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit127\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.036","volume":"28","author":"Abels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit128\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8029","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit129\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404945r","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit130\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12057","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12057","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit131\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR06966A","volume":"10","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit132\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.01.002","volume":"56","author":"Tauro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit133\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113585","volume":"194","author":"Bathini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit134\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01034-x","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit135\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit136\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.148282","volume":"480","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit137\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.190","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit138\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11040147","volume":"11","author":"Marianecci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit139\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.042","volume":"326","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit140\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3160763","volume":"131","author":"Pangburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit141\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03104-6","volume":"9","author":"Ladner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit142\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit143\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01725-y","volume":"19","author":"Villa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit144\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00637-1","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit145\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i11.1762","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit146\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.26808","volume":"13","author":"Forterre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit147\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084153","volume":"9","author":"Forterre","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit148\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S411562","volume":"18","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit149\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2020.07.001","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit150\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073869","volume":"23","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit151\/1","first-page":"4150705","volume":"2017","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"D4BM01394H\/cit152\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1562-9","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Biomaterials Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2025\/BM\/D4BM01394H","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:37:52Z","timestamp":1782880672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/bm\/article\/13\/5\/1161-1178\/838121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d4bm01394h","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-4830","2047-4849"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-4830","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-4849","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}