{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:09:04Z","timestamp":1792253344168,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":119,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review analyses data on heavy metal contamination in wastewater-irrigated vegetables across four developing Asian countries, highlighting metal accumulation patterns, health impacts, regulatory gaps and calls for urgent coordinated action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d4em00565a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T02:56:38Z","timestamp":1746068198000},"page":"1747-1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Heavy metal contamination in wastewater-irrigated vegetables: assessing food safety challenges in developing Asian countries"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9607-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navneet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagdev","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeta Raj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simranpreet Kaur","family":"Natt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8332-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabarak","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5857-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhuri","family":"Girdhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002154","volume":"3","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060909","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.08.036","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2008.10.009","volume":"42","author":"Faller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.067","volume":"125","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94616-4","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.04.028","volume":"112","author":"Muchuweti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.11.041","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8329","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168329","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11448-x","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.023","volume":"126","author":"Mahar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020202","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271039","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2271039","volume":"2023","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Agron."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13772","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4881-0","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-237-2021","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit16\/1","volume-title":"National Inventory of Sewage Treatment Plants - Central Pollution Control Board","author":"CPCB","year":"2021","unstructured":"CPCB ,  National Inventory of Sewage Treatment Plants - Central Pollution Control Board ,  2021"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit17\/1","volume-title":"Urban Wastewater Scenaria in India","author":"NITI Aayog","year":"2022","unstructured":"NITI Aayog ,  Urban Wastewater Scenaria in India ,  2022"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit18\/1","volume-title":"Wastewater Assesment and Treatment Needs Analysis of District Jhelum","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","unstructured":"H.Rasheed ,  F.Naz ,  A.Fauzia ,  S.Imran  and  M.Ashraf ,  Wastewater Assesment and Treatment Needs Analysis of District Jhelum ,  2020"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cles.2023.100092","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cleaner Energy Systems"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit20\/1","author":"ITA","unstructured":"ITA ,  China Country Commercial Guide \u2013 Environmental Technology ,  https:\/\/www.trade.gov\/country-commercial-guides\/china-environmental-technology , accessed 8 April 2025"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04721-1","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04959-9","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit23\/1","first-page":"753","volume":"59","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bot."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.2175\/106143015X14362865226833","volume":"87","author":"Bhatia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-015-1547-z","volume":"95","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6881-2","volume":"190","author":"Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.09.023","volume":"23","author":"Balkhair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.056","volume":"152","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit29\/1","first-page":"1","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(17)60440-5","volume":"28","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","volume-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. B.Tchounwou ,  C. G.Yedjou ,  A. K.Patlolla  and  D. J.Sutton ,  Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment , in  Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology , ed.  A. Luch ,  Springer ,  Basel ,  2012 ,  pp. 133\u2013164"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22210-w","volume":"30","author":"Manwani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072179","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02594-y","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030289","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.104350","volume":"106","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112478","volume":"205","author":"Varol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-385","volume":"2","author":"Jolly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114348","volume":"262","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4884-9","volume":"187","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-021-00345-x","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2012.08.002","volume":"38","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375137","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1375137","volume":"15","author":"Afzal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65359-5","volume":"10","author":"Kinuthia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-16120-9.00022-4","volume-title":"Bioremediation and Bioeconomy","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"R.Kumar ,  Y.Neha ,  G. A.Ravishankar  and  V.Srivatsan ,  Chapter 21 - Algae-based bioremediation bioproducts and biofuels for biobusiness , in  Bioremediation and Bioeconomy , ed.  M. N. V. Prasad ,  Elsevier , 2nd edn,  2024 ,  pp. 583\u2013635"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-005-0087-x","volume":"24","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109992","volume":"140","author":"Ugulu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa75d1","volume":"12","author":"Thebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050895","volume":"15","author":"Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125185","volume":"242","author":"Compagni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssas.2018.02.003","volume":"18","author":"Chaoua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.11.007","volume":"66","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-014-0194-0","volume":"4","author":"Girdhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-020-02841-w","volume":"104","author":"Wajid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009936","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04053-5","volume":"57","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit58\/1","volume-title":"Horticultural Statistics at a Glance","author":"Government of India","year":"2021","unstructured":"Government of India ,  Horticultural Statistics at a Glance ,  2021"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit59\/1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Food Additive and Contaminants","author":"FAO and WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commission","year":"2001","unstructured":"FAO and WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commission ,  Food Additive and Contaminants ,  Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme , ALINORM,  2001 , 01\/12A, pp.  1\u2013289"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit60\/1","volume-title":"Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Pro Gramme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, Food CF\/5 INF\/1","author":"FAO\/WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO ,  Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Pro Gramme Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, Food CF\/5 INF\/1 ,  The Netherlands ,  2011"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112174","volume":"285","author":"Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit62\/1","volume-title":"Volcanic Eruption, Flickr","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"M.Hamilton ,  Volcanic Eruption, Flickr 2014 ,  https:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/mualphachi\/12242256733"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit63\/1","volume-title":"Flickr","author":"Raquel","year":"2010","unstructured":"M.Raquel ,  Traffic ,  Flickr ,  2010 ,  https:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/rmalinger\/4302547630"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit64\/1","volume-title":"Flickr","author":"Breuilly","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. L.Breuilly ,  Weathered rock ,  Flickr ,  2012 ,  https:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/100469519@N02\/14167009868"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit65\/1","volume-title":"Flickr","author":"PKSA","year":"2017","unstructured":"S.PKSA ,  Inlet 3_Expected Domestic Waste ,  Flickr ,  2017 ,  https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/149541980@N04\/34382023106"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit66\/1","volume-title":"Flickr","author":"Sanitation","year":"2011","unstructured":"S.Sanitation ,  Shovel excavator loading the sewage sludge ,  Flickr ,  2011 ,  https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gtzecosan\/6305610332"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit67\/1","volume-title":"Flickr","author":"Mechanical","year":"2016","unstructured":"A.Mechanical ,  Tractor Fertilize Field Pesticide And Insecticide ,  Flickr ,  2016 ,  https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/aquamech-utah\/24443679794"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit68\/1","volume-title":"PxHere CC0","author":"Factory","year":"2017","unstructured":"Factory ,  PxHere CC0 ,  2017 ,  https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/592636"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2018.1462382","volume":"41","author":"Manzoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.103863","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152343","volume":"811","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.totert.2023.100044","volume":"6","author":"Musa Yahaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Total Environ. Res. Themes"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11558-1","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit74\/1","first-page":"92","volume":"19","author":"Golia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109610","volume":"251","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit76\/1","volume-title":"Exploring Germinating Potential of Tree Species in Domestic Wastewater for Use in Urban Forestry","volume":"47","author":"Farhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"M.Farhan ,  P. J.Bot ,  A.Kanwal  and  A.Mirza ,  Exploring Germinating Potential of Tree Species in Domestic Wastewater for Use in Urban Forestry ,  2015 ,  vol. 47"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit77\/1","first-page":"40","volume":"6","author":"Ramesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Life Science and Technology"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit78\/1","first-page":"9","volume":"5","author":"Labhade","year":"2013","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4648-6","volume":"187","author":"Chopra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104079","volume":"25","author":"Sonu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08673-9","volume":"192","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103563","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118953","volume":"301","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16088-3","volume":"29","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit85\/1","first-page":"11786302221119152","volume":"16","author":"Mawari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.10.010","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-03006-4","volume":"200","author":"Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02918-5","volume":"200","author":"Khandare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-023-01017-x","volume":"85","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11170-4","volume":"195","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7752","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22638-0","volume":"30","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-01948-x","volume":"46","author":"Aithani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13471-8","volume":"197","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00651-4","volume":"308","author":"Alam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-1006-6","volume":"166","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.9790\/2402-08425863","volume":"8","author":"Parvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Environ. Sci., Toxicol. Food Technol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit97\/1","first-page":"142","volume":"2","author":"Choudhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-5-9.78","volume":"5","author":"Shakhaoat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Pollut."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01205","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1546114","volume":"26","author":"Proshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-3123-3","volume":"2","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04146-z","volume":"203","author":"Goni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04200-w","volume":"203","author":"Salam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00277","volume":"34","author":"Haroon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0275497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275497","volume":"17","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0267719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267719","volume":"17","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02892-y","volume":"200","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.043","volume":"29","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114033","volume":"214","author":"Natasha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-023-01662-0","volume":"45","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050460","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11110899","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit113\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080635","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1080635","volume":"13","author":"Atta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28413-z","volume":"30","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-024-03858-1","volume":"112","author":"Ugulu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24712","volume":"10","author":"Hamoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63076-x","volume":"14","author":"Amjad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229324601549","volume":"58","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3472-0","volume":"186","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9835","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169835","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152502","volume":"819","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit122\/1","volume-title":"Risk assessment guidance for superfund., Human Health Eval Manual (part A)","author":"USEPA","unstructured":"USEPA ,  Risk assessment guidance for superfund., Human Health Eval Manual (part A)"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit123\/1","volume-title":"Risk Based Screening Table. Composite Table: Summary Tab 0615","author":"USEPA","unstructured":"USEPA ,  Risk Based Screening Table. Composite Table: Summary Tab 0615"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit124\/1","volume-title":"Summary and Conclusions, 53rd Meeting","author":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ,  Summary and Conclusions, 53rd Meeting"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit125\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12203652","volume":"12","author":"Ugulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit126\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031371","volume":"28","author":"Aftab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit127\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-256","volume":"81","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit128\/1","first-page":"1025","volume":"51","author":"Randhawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit129\/1","first-page":"138","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit130\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1081\/PFC-120015443","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit131\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276925","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1276925","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit132\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227883","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227883","volume":"15","author":"Gebeyehu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit133\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031587","volume":"19","author":"Nolos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit134\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1452604","volume":"25","author":"Pipoyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.: Int. J."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit135\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145172","volume":"17","author":"Manea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit136\/1","first-page":"1602","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit137\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.11.024","volume":"186","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit138\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4799-6","volume":"23","author":"Roba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit139\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3846\/16486897.2007.9636935","volume":"15","author":"Van Ginneken","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit140\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09917-4","volume":"27","author":"Sardar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit141\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00164-9","volume":"48","author":"Cardwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D4EM00565A\/cit142\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9860-6_4","volume-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 213","author":"Pourrut","year":"2011","unstructured":"B.Pourrut ,  M.Shahid ,  C.Dumat ,  P.Winterton  and  E.Pinelli ,  Lead Uptake, Toxicity, and Detoxification in Plants , in  Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 213 , ed.  D. M. Whitacre ,  Springer New York ,  New York, NY ,  2011 ,  pp. 113\u2013136"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science: Processes &amp; Impacts"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2025\/EM\/D4EM00565A","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:42:48Z","timestamp":1782884568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/em\/article\/27\/7\/1747-1767\/849450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d4em00565a","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7887","2050-7895"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7887","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-7895","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}