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However, these molecules remain a critical blind spot in understanding post-translational modifications, particularly in vertebrate species inhabiting diverse habitats. The glycans present in tears play a crucial role in eye protection and may be one of the key factors in adapting to direct environmental contact. This study aimed to describe and compare the glycomic profiles of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears, thereby one avian and two reptilian species. Samples were collected from 10 healthy roadside hawks, 70 broad-snouted caimans, and 10 loggerhead sea turtles to determine N- and O-glycan compounds. The compounds were released from tear glycoproteins and enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Then, the glycans were eluted based on size and polarity. SPE fractions were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. 155 N-glycans (56% sialylated) and 259 O-glycans (37% sialylated) were detected in roadside hawk tears; 127 N-glycans (55% sialylated) and 263 O-glycans (35% sialofucosylated) in broad-snouted caiman tears; and 85 N-glycans (36% fucosylated) and 84 O-glycans (89% fucosylated) in loggerhead sea turtle tears. The marine habitat has a significant impact on the tear's glycans. The high presence of fucosylated glycans can represent a shield mechanism potentially related to its adhesion to glycocalyx, and interaction with the immune system, also serving as an environmental biomarker. Tears are composed of various biologically active substances, and this description can help in further studies on the identification of novel ocular surface biomarkers and in the differentiation of glycan profiles in healthy and non-healthy animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>","DOI":"10.1039\/d4mo00255e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:03:17Z","timestamp":1756814597000},"page":"633-644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative glycomic analysis of hawk (\n                    <i>Rupornis magnirostris<\/i>\n                    ), caiman (\n                    <i>Caiman latirostris<\/i>\n                    ) and sea turtle (\n                    <i>Caretta caretta<\/i>\n                    ) tear films"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Raposo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia a , Brazil, 40110-060, Brazil arianneoria@ufba.br"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl Joyce B","family":"Grijaldo-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California b , Davis, CA, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0792-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gege","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California b , Davis, CA, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6411-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Russelle S","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California b , Davis, CA, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlito B","family":"Lebrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California b , Davis, CA, 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Wagner","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia c , Brazil, 40110-100, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia a , Brazil, 40110-060, Brazil arianneoria@ufba.br"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianne","family":"Ori\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia a , Brazil, 40110-060, Brazil arianneoria@ufba.br"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026013001290879900_cit1","first-page":"pp. 439\u2013475","volume-title":"Glycans with Antiviral Activity from Marine Organisms, Results and problems in cell differentiation","author":"Grice","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026013001290879900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0350-4","article-title":"Comprehensive structural glycomic characterization of the glycocalyxes of cells and tissues","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026013001290879900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020397","article-title":"Glycan-to-Glycan Binding: Molecular Recognition through Polyvalent Interactions Mediates Specific Cell Adhesion","volume":"26","author":"Misevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"40","key":"2026013001290879900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5802","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5802","article-title":"Integrative glycoproteomics reveals protein N-glycosylation aberrations and glycoproteomic network alterations in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026013001290879900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800962q","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of N-linked glycoproteins in tear fluid of climatic droplet keratopathy by glycopeptide capture and iTRAQ","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026013001290879900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu108","article-title":"Glycomic characterization of basal tears and changes with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen-Khuong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026013001290879900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-008-9136-6","article-title":"Glycan structures of ocular surface mucins in man, rabbit and dog display species differences","volume":"25","author":"Royle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycoconj. 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