{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:51:36Z","timestamp":1788501096501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":499,"URL":"http:\/\/rsc.li\/journals-terms-of-use"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017531","name":"Medical and Health Research Project of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024KY1497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanoscale"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review highlights the therapeutic potential of metal-based and metal oxide nanoparticles in IVDD by leveraging their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microenvironment-modulating properties to enhance tissue repair. The ToC was created in BioRender. Zhang, L. (2025) https:\/\/BioRender.com\/6fzdcqv.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d4nr05504g","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T02:41:14Z","timestamp":1747276874000},"page":"15605-15616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The application prospect of metal\/metal oxide nanoparticles in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Building 24, No. 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou 310000, PR China"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Building 24, No. 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou 310000, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Building 24, No. 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou 310000, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Pain Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 330004, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Building 24, No. 928, No. 2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou 310000, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9178","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01312-4","volume":"354","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001396","volume":"160","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.09.011","volume":"9","author":"Zingg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"issue":"7","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00650-7","volume":"53","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.07.007","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.08.007","volume":"149\u2013150","author":"Frapin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00156-y","volume":"9","author":"Kague","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101733","volume":"81","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2305468","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305468","volume":"36","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.02.052","volume":"381","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"13","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207216","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207216","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01095-8","volume":"20","author":"Kelsey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR06154F","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"3","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR03322A","volume":"17","author":"Awasthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.01.031","volume":"197","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"44","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407251","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407251","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100536","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100536","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12533","volume":"94","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1905740","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201905740","volume":"32","author":"Lopez-Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092094","volume":"20","author":"Gr\u00f6ber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2212300","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202212300","volume":"35","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131337","volume":"266","author":"Nezadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"34","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23566","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07833","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.01.020","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02226-1","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31989-8","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01485","volume":"8","author":"Agbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.05.009","volume":"62","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"issue":"2","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b08045","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700034","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700034","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04899","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"30","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9408","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201805052","volume":"57","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"8","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00093","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"4","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c00642","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"13","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308167","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308167","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S30320","volume":"7","author":"Wahajuddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"6","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12142","volume":"47","author":"Saliev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Proliferation"},{"issue":"14\u201315","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.08.002","volume":"63","author":"Planck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01789-3","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122764","volume":"313","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"25","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300988","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202300988","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02683-2","volume":"22","author":"Bu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110173","volume":"367","author":"Jomova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"12","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8885","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12163","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit45\/1","first-page":"51","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"19","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313248","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-022-01023-x","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101184","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112392","volume":"129","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"issue":"44","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2408093","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408093","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120895","volume":"274","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit52\/1","first-page":"107","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.12.002","volume":"13","author":"Iatridis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit54\/1","first-page":"29","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"40","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300180","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300180","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101931","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18846","volume":"238","author":"Kosuth","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40521-5","volume":"14","author":"Bui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D4NR05504G\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbad052","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad052","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regener. Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"D4NR05504G\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282231173115","volume":"38","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."}],"container-title":["Nanoscale"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2025\/NR\/D4NR05504G","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:40:09Z","timestamp":1782884409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/nr\/article\/17\/26\/15605-15616\/860767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d4nr05504g","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-3364","2040-3372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-3364","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-3372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}