{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:35:12Z","timestamp":1782884112065,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011535","name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011535","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015994","name":"Higher Committee for Educational Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015994","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RSC Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of new materials capable of converting carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) into value-added products has emerged as a crucial strategy in addressing global climate change and promoting sustainable industrial practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ra00392j","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T06:06:20Z","timestamp":1741586780000},"page":"7630-7643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High-efficiency acid\u2013base catalysts: ZrO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    , TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    , amine, and Br functionalized porous polymers for CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    and epoxide to cyclic carbonate conversion"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2432-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas A.","family":"Jawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Midland Refineries Company MRC\/AL Daura Refinery Company\/Project Management Division, Baghdad, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sura A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midland Refineries Company MRC\/AL Daura Refinery Company\/Maintenance Board, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan J.","family":"Al-Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9079","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b02151","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201700656","volume":"9","author":"Saptal","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12712","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC04643A","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SC04357G","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.52716\/jprs.v13i4.737","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15270","DOI":"10.1021\/ja507665a","volume":"136","author":"Ema","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201204132","volume":"19","author":"Esc\u00e1rcega-Bobadilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Eur. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201200894","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1039\/C3GC42388C","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC02692J","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA26780G","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53629","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10190E","volume":"5","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9935","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT01516D","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.52716\/jprs.v13i1.672","volume":"13","author":"Kadhim1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit15\/1","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9511","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR09049K","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b11824","volume":"140","author":"Matsukizono","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33129","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04809H","volume":"13","author":"Jawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.10.043","volume":"90","author":"Srivastava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11081","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA08235G","volume":"13","author":"Jawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2006.10.033","volume":"266","author":"Jagtap","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A:Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2006.02.028","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2017.09.007","volume":"21","author":"Jawad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198557040603","volume":"57","author":"Sing","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2014.01.018","volume":"96","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.06.006","volume":"302","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2019.06.004","volume":"350","author":"Jawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(02)00160-4","volume":"40","author":"Solovyov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit29\/1","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"Adam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40593","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA06442F","volume":"6","author":"Pujari","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit31\/1","volume-title":"17th International Congress on Catalysis Meeting","author":"Jawad","year":"2020","unstructured":"A.Jawad ,  F.Rezaei  and  A. A.Rownaghi , in  17th International Congress on Catalysis Meeting ,  2020"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.52716\/jprs.v11i4.559","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30673","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA03129F","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit34\/1","first-page":"1","author":"Jawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.04.024","volume":"254","author":"Bondarenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.30684\/etj.32.7A.2","volume":"32","author":"Jawad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)08081-1","volume":"9","author":"Aperador","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.02.064","volume":"317","author":"Kant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1039\/c1dt10951k","volume":"40","author":"Mallick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(99)00305-7","volume":"128","author":"Harizanov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1021\/ie030619k","volume":"43","author":"Da Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.01.049","volume":"136\u2013137","author":"Appaturi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2010.04.040","volume":"382","author":"Adam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., A"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12039-012-0351-0","volume":"125","author":"Mallakpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705713518783","volume":"28","author":"Mallakpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2013.01.049","volume":"136\u2013137","author":"Appaturi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2016.07.001","volume":"341","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10111363","volume":"10","author":"Siewniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.30684\/etj.31.5A13","volume":"31","author":"Jawad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.52716\/jprs.v12i3.545","volume":"12","author":"Shatub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit51\/1","first-page":"47","volume":"10","author":"Saihod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00535J","volume":"6","author":"Kegere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FD00061K","volume":"183","author":"Castro-Osma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1039\/b900719a","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.30684\/etj.31.11A3","volume":"31","author":"Jawad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2020.101173","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201000030","volume":"16","author":"Clegg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Eur. J."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2022.102328","volume":"67","author":"Urbani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-021-00336-6","volume":"27","author":"De","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2013.11.021","volume":"311","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112287","volume":"9","author":"Jouve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.08.052","volume":"220","author":"Atanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200805451","volume":"48","author":"North","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10715","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC02043C","volume":"3","author":"Paquin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit67\/1","volume-title":"2019 AIChE Annual Meeting","author":"Jawad","year":"2019","unstructured":"A.Jawad  and  A.Rownaghi , in  2019 AIChE Annual Meeting ,  AlChE ,  2019"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1993.1145","volume":"141","author":"Emeis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10965","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b01291","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b09790","volume":"122","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22636","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA05688H","volume":"3","author":"Kathalikkattil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0254-0584(90)90089-S","volume":"24","author":"Morterra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1021\/la001723z","volume":"17","author":"Pokrovski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1021\/la001723z","author":"Pokrovski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1039\/b806531d","volume":"18","author":"Nyambo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16229","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA01321F","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11540","DOI":"10.1021\/jp200914v","volume":"115","author":"Danon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6b00017","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.01.131","volume":"1","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201001056","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemphyschem"},{"key":"D5RA00392J\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1039\/C5QI00231A","volume":"3","author":"Gunasekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1039\/d6ra90022d","type":"expression_of_concern","label":"Expression of concern","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000}}],"container-title":["RSC Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2025\/RA\/D5RA00392J","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1782879822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/ra\/article\/15\/10\/7630-7643\/905984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5ra00392j","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA00392J\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-2069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}