{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:14:27Z","timestamp":1792876467759,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RSC Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modified biochar (BC) nano-compounds are very promising candidates for the accelerated degradation of reoccurring contaminants in wastewater treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ra07670f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:15:43Z","timestamp":1772615743000},"page":"12186-12214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Functionalized biochar\u2013metal oxide nanocomposites for the catalytic degradation of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater treatment"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leena V.","family":"Hublikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. S.","family":"Nivedhitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipin S.","family":"Chikkatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1251-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok M.","family":"Sajjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagaraj R.","family":"Banapurmath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Palaniswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adithya Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641107, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Beena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Ramapuram, Chennai-600 089, Tamilnadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering (Mechanical), Dubai Academic City Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabin Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Ras AI Khaimah Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartheek","family":"Ravulapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collins Aerospace, 5935, Pinnacle View Road, Cumming GA 30040, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19311","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b06169","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit2\/1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Investigation of Pollution Caused by Microplastics, Their Transporting Effects on Different Pollutants and Possible Treatments: A Review","author":"Pires","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. P.Pires ,  E.Carissimi  and  S.Silvestri ,  Investigation of Pollution Caused by Microplastics, Their Transporting Effects on Different Pollutants and Possible Treatments: A Review ,  2024 ,  pp. 117\u2013128"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.151990","volume":"186","author":"Khaqan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100292","volume":"7","author":"Dzoujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2025.100169","volume":"8","author":"Vinukonda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.08.030","volume":"244","author":"Sharmila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit7\/1","volume-title":"Synthesis of nanoparticles using advanced techniques","unstructured":"Synthesis of nanoparticles using advanced techniques ,  http:\/\/ouci.dntb.gov.ua\/works\/4aBBpGzg\/ , accessed January 28, 2026"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132133","volume":"459","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22285","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08828","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.11.044","volume":"48","author":"Weidner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit11\/1","first-page":"21","volume":"53","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136976","volume":"311","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14829","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA00961C","volume":"11","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100292","volume":"7","author":"Dzoujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04512-2","volume":"14","author":"Amdeha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit16\/1","first-page":"100367","volume":"14","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12731","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Use Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100292","volume":"7","author":"Dzoujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.122","volume":"166","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9164","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9164","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04512-2","volume":"14","author":"Amdeha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102801","volume":"47","author":"Zeghioud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101004","volume":"321","author":"Dhila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14231933","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00572H","author":"Kayani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163588","volume":"515","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116860","volume":"193","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101004","volume":"321","author":"Dhila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit29\/1","first-page":"117","volume":"12","author":"Hayder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Agric. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132200","volume":"287","author":"Sutar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27062","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02909","volume":"7","author":"Weidner","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12020210","volume":"12","author":"Gasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13170","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13170","volume":"16","author":"Lebrun Thauront","year":"2024","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13170","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13170","volume":"16","author":"Lebrun Thauront","year":"2024","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135873","volume":"307","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit36\/1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Catalytic Applications of Biochar for Environmental Remediation: A Green Approach towards Environment Restoration","volume":"1","author":"Bui","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. K.Bui ,  L. T.Nguyen ,  T. M.Cao  and  V.Van Pham ,  Surface Modification of Biochar for Removal of Dye from Industrial Effluent: A Green Approach to Mitigate Environmental Pollutants , in  Catalytic Applications of Biochar for Environmental Remediation: A Green Approach towards Environment Restoration , vol.  1 ,  American Chemical Society ,  2024 ,  pp. 1\u201321"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-03060-w","volume":"18","author":"Ambaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100292","volume":"7","author":"Dzoujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118489","volume":"344","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102801","volume":"47","author":"Zeghioud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121724","volume":"279","author":"Cruz-Quesada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04512-2","volume":"14","author":"Amdeha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/w16060875","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.04.093","volume":"212","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-03060-w","volume":"18","author":"Ambaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101004","volume":"321","author":"Dhila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2023.104167","volume":"256","author":"Munir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00201-x","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14231933","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03787","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-03060-w","volume":"18","author":"Ambaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132148","volume":"12","author":"Boulkhessaim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s44344-025-00010-x","volume":"2","author":"Vadivel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Catal."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09215","volume":"9","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit55\/1","first-page":"1784","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103905","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2021.111262","volume":"140","author":"Ahmaruzzaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.105509","volume":"64","author":"Anabal\u00f3n Fuentes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00285-z","volume":"5","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wmb.2025.01.003","volume":"3","author":"Shanmughan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Bull."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2025.100271","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Chem. Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27062","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02909","volume":"7","author":"Weidner","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469309","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1469309","volume":"6","author":"Sanni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2022.05.001","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eco-Environ. & Health"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.047","volume":"124","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-04090-1","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100783","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.08.026","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit69\/1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Interface Science and Technology","author":"Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"M.Nasrollahzadeh ,  S. M.Sajadi ,  M.Sajjadi  and  Z.Issaabadi ,  Chapter 1 \u2013 An Introduction to Nanotechnology , in  Interface Science and Technology ,  M. Nasrollahzadeh ,  S. M. Sajadi ,  M. Sajjadi ,  Z. Issaabadi  and  M. Atarod , ed.  Elsevier ,  2019 ,  pp. 1\u201327"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00319","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.179","volume":"87","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112368","volume":"28","author":"Huang Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9164","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9164","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57554-5","volume":"14","author":"Jara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit75\/1","first-page":"302","volume":"9","author":"Lodhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Environ. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83804-x","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.04.012","volume":"56","author":"Schrank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.057","volume":"129","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200434v","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/es940683g","volume":"30","author":"Pignatello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380500326564","volume":"36","author":"Pignatello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380500326564","volume":"36","author":"Pignatello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2012.04.005","volume":"19","author":"Abdel-Raouf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.039","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117942","volume":"339","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9827","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03815-z","volume":"19","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA09865D","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119230","volume":"348","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125108","volume":"332","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"D5RA07670F\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14929","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA00683J","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.12.008","volume":"634","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741346","volume":"594","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2025.125289","volume":"346","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102651","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121925","volume":"300","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra20340e","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05154-8","volume":"232","author":"Kesari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126539","volume":"252","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140910","volume":"745","author":"Corpuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13672","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP01695D","volume":"23","author":"de Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178743","volume":"966","author":"Nand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.118509","volume":"600","author":"Trivedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s42768-022-00118-y","volume":"5","author":"Chauhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11963","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111963","volume":"13","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11963","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111963","volume":"13","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10128","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610128","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30587-5","volume":"30","author":"Azzam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00570","volume":"28","author":"Yaashikaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178743","volume":"966","author":"Nand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/resources13010008","volume":"13","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165063","volume":"26","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165063","volume":"26","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit113\/1","first-page":"553","volume":"3","author":"Solanki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.:Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00172-3","volume":"5","author":"Alsawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Clean Water"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2025.100259","volume":"10","author":"Soundari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Chem. Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00131-8","volume":"4","author":"Praveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144252","volume":"375","author":"Alawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39971-0","volume":"13","author":"Hassaan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40128","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c02986","volume":"8","author":"Batool","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-025-00471-5","volume":"8","author":"Masud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Clean Water"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.3390\/app10103492","volume":"10","author":"Enaime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit122\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100499","volume":"319","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit123\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100601","volume":"320","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit124\/1","first-page":"100226","volume":"9","author":"Jagadeesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit125\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126425","volume":"347","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit126\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129984","volume":"391","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit127\/1","first-page":"100504","volume":"16","author":"Ali Alshehri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit128\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14231933","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit129\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156112","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit130\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.05.015","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit131\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1021\/cm048085g","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit132\/1","first-page":"2","volume":"06","author":"Doosti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tour. Hosp."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit133\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.05.006","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"D5RA07670F\/cit134\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18092049","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit135\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113645","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit136\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122882","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit137\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2017.09.107","volume":"527","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. B"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit138\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230444","volume":"341","author":"Furukawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit139\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.058","volume":"47","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit140\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.02.059","volume":"209","author":"\u017derjav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit141\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8020074","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit142\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122833","volume":"398","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit143\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.11.069","volume":"87","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit144\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122842","volume":"382","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit145\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.01.081","volume":"494","author":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit146\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14307","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914307","volume":"15","author":"Bathaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"32","key":"D5RA07670F\/cit147\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10662","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c04390","volume":"9","author":"Colacino","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit148\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129672","volume":"419","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem.\u2013Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit150\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1021\/es302763x","volume":"47","author":"Besseling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit151\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.02.038","volume":"23","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit152\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.02.039","volume":"222","author":"Carja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit153\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.08.021","volume":"537","author":"vom Eyser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit154\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128913","volume":"415","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit155\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-05262-4","volume":"21","author":"Ashiegbu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit156\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1714-3","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit157\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6293","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit158\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106823","volume":"183","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"D5RA07670F\/cit159\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.119261","volume":"615","author":"Yusuf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"}],"container-title":["RSC Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2026\/RA\/D5RA07670F","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:35:58Z","timestamp":1782966958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/ra\/article\/16\/14\/12186-12214\/1243359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5ra07670f","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D5RA07670F\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-2069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}