{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:08:33Z","timestamp":1783537713630,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RSC Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates, with optimized F\u2009:\u2009Sn ratio in methanol\u2013water solvent, shown high figure of merit of 0.02 \u03a9\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and demonstrated a good potential in photovoltaic and water splitting applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ra08325g","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:23:58Z","timestamp":1769768638000},"page":"6233-6244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tuning dopant incorporation in tin oxide thin films using a methanol\u2013water solvent for photovoltaic and water splitting applications"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Musarrat","family":"Zahra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafqat","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Division (PD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Analytical Facility Division (CAFD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division (CD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P. O. Box 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Yaqub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LINAC Project, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Nilore, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photovoltaic Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin Ali Raza","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division (CD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P. O. Box 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaweria","family":"Ambreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3154-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saifullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division (CD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P. O. Box 45650, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100631","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., R"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC01929K","volume":"6","author":"Ponja","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TC00400C","volume":"1","author":"Noor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.12.175","volume":"49","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10542","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA01909A","volume":"4","author":"Saifullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2023.116246","volume":"397","author":"Razzaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16462","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c01298","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(02)00163-3","volume":"411","author":"Granqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.64.233111","volume":"64","author":"Mryasov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2006.01.001","volume":"510","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2009.12.008","volume":"94","author":"Montero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2020.138362","volume":"713","author":"Karthick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16621","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA01291F","volume":"9","author":"Dalapati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5504-x","volume":"46","author":"Gokulakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2014.02.009","volume":"69","author":"Turgut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.05.243","volume":"720","author":"Fauzia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1021\/jp807753t","volume":"113","author":"Godinho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC03520A","volume":"4","author":"Porte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR09666J","volume":"11","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2006.10.036","volume":"141","author":"Rani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-007-4274-4","volume":"90","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2019.07.021","volume":"171","author":"Mortelliti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.09.043","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.07.035","volume":"255","author":"Moholkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2015.11.023","volume":"89","author":"Thirumoorthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.286.64","volume":"286","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Amador","year":"2019","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14376","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TC02398F","volume":"12","author":"Zahra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5c02429","volume":"129","author":"Hami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.29356\/jmcs.v65i2.1461","volume":"65","author":"Moeini Alishah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mex. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16643","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA00969C","volume":"15","author":"Majeed","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.11648\/j.am.20160504.12","volume":"5","author":"Bakr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2024.04.050","volume":"44","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.141807","volume":"441","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem. Acta"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.02.019","volume":"253","author":"Ramaiah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2009.01.021","volume":"93","author":"Agashe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-017-5663-x","volume":"46","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066402","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/acda1a","volume":"10","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Amador","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.09.060","volume":"127","author":"Khelifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13060932","volume":"13","author":"Singha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.164769","volume":"213","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101087","volume":"24","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(84)90303-1","volume":"121","author":"Geurts","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C169","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0811906jes","volume":"166","author":"Korjenic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67583","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA13043C","volume":"5","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(95)06648-9","volume":"266","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2021.110562","volume":"194","author":"Clabel H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.157658","volume":"634","author":"Clabel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.112680","volume":"186","author":"Clabel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1633(89)90042-7","volume":"18","author":"Gordon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit50\/1","first-page":"1812","volume":"2","author":"Kambe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of Osaka, Japan"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12986","DOI":"10.1021\/jp026600x","volume":"106","author":"Brewer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2013.02.012","volume":"2","author":"Ikhmayies","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit53\/1","first-page":"3648","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit54\/1","first-page":"143","volume":"58","author":"Tatar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rom. J. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095801","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.51.095801","volume":"51","author":"Isshiki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03679","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.001","volume":"686","author":"Serrar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15022","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP01010C","volume":"22","author":"Clabel H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.07.003","volume":"493","author":"Clabel H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12380","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c06366","volume":"143","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2007.06.024","volume":"68","author":"Moholkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2014.02.005","volume":"70","author":"Benhaoua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3126\/hj.v6i0.18361","volume":"6","author":"Koirala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Himalayan Physics"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-019-2943-8","volume":"125","author":"Asl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2009.01.010","volume":"149","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2017.05.014","volume":"17","author":"Saifullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.130575","volume":"360","author":"Torres-Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"D5RA08325G\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.145127","volume":"508","author":"Sekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."}],"container-title":["RSC Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2026\/RA\/D5RA08325G","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:46:27Z","timestamp":1783532787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/ra\/article\/16\/7\/6233-6244\/909105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5ra08325g","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-2069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}