{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:16:09Z","timestamp":1787724969582,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,19]],"date-time":"2027-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1800316800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":383,"URL":"http:\/\/rsc.li\/journals-terms-of-use"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Mater. Chem. B"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterogeneous and heterostructured carbon nanomaterials transform biomedical applications, spanning anticancer therapy, biosensing, bioimaging, delivery of drugs, antibacterial action, and tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d5tb02499d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:07:46Z","timestamp":1768831666000},"page":"1809-1830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heterogeneous and heterostructured carbon nanomaterials for exploring the nexus of biomedical science"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6036-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omnarayan","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetika","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"},{"name":"Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector- 125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bani Preet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandip","family":"Chakrabrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-0409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monalisa","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Science and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P-201313, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2022.101019","volume":"131","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55719-4","volume":"16","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit3\/1","volume-title":"Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Allotropes: Progress in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"F.Ahmad ,  A.Mahmood  and  T.Muhmood ,  Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Allotropes: Progress in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications ,  American Chemical Society ,  2024 , vol. 1491,  p. 1"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit4\/1","year":"2019","unstructured":"ed. D. Das, S. Yaragalla, R. Mishra, S. Thomas, N. Kalarikkal and H. J. B. T.-C.-B. N. and T. R. N. Maria,  Elsevier ,  2019 , pp. 123\u2013181"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit5\/1","volume-title":"Micro and Nano Technologies","author":"Baowan","year":"2017","unstructured":"D.Baowan ,  B. J.Cox ,  T. A.Hilder ,  J. M.Hill  and  N.Thamwattana , in  Micro and Nano Technologies , ed. D. Baowan, B. J. Cox, T. A. Hilder, J. M. Hill and N. B. T.-M. and M. of C.-B. N. M. Thamwattana,  William Andrew Publishing ,  2017 , pp. 1\u201333"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0141-z","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.87.703","volume":"87","author":"Laird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-071312-121659","volume":"43","author":"Hyun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32150-4_37","volume-title":"Handbook of Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures: From Synthesis Methods to Applications","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"J.-M.Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda ,  E.Ter\u00e1n-Salgado  and  M.-L.Garc\u00eda-Betancourt ,  Handbook of Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures: From Synthesis Methods to Applications ,  Springer ,  2024 ,  pp. 1255\u20131302"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.05.016","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45003","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.045003","volume":"88","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit12\/1","year":"2024","unstructured":"ed. P. Sol\u00eds-Fern\u00e1ndez and H. Ago, T. B. T.-E. of C. M. P. (Second E. Chakraborty,  Academic Press ,  Oxford ,  2024 , pp. 310\u2013328"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411472","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411472","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.12.010","volume":"230","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12385","volume":"499","author":"Geim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/21663831.2019.1691668","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Lett."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100675","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MT-MF2022010","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.MT-MF2022010","volume":"64","author":"Romero-Resendiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00516G","volume":"13","author":"Agrawal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit20\/1","volume-title":"Micro and Nano Technologies","author":"Vattikuti","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. V. P.Vattikuti , in  Micro and Nano Technologies , ed. S. Mohan Bhagyaraj, O. S. Oluwafemi, N. Kalarikkal and S. B. T.-S. of I. N. Thomas,  Woodhead Publishing ,  2018 , pp. 89\u2013120"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/c11020035","author":"Elahi","year":"2025","unstructured":"N.Elahi  and  C. D.Zeinalipour-Yazdi ,  2025 , preprint 10.3390\/c11020035"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36782","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA07481D","volume":"11","author":"Mukti","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00046","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15031037","volume":"15","author":"Rozhin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400250z","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147726","volume":"22","author":"D\u00edez-Pascual","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111571","volume":"13","author":"Teixeira-Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgae198","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae198","volume":"3","author":"Alexander","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2024.11.004","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.12.015","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300213","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300213","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00742","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2025.101878","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.12.015","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit35\/1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Two-dimensional nanomaterials","year":"2025","unstructured":"Two-dimensional nanomaterials , ed.  A. Hafeez ,  K. Shaker  and  Y. Nawab ,  Springer Nature ,  Switzerland, Cham ,  2025 ,  pp. 181\u2013204"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2021.04.020","volume":"50","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.155692","volume":"611","author":"Kensi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MH00340A","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aac9439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9439","volume":"353","author":"Novoselov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00139-1","volume":"2","author":"Castellanos-Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26154","volume":"556","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2260-6","volume":"583","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6133","volume":"367","author":"Gogotsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.04.027","volume":"119","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05297-8","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Des. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11458","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31484c","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2004.03.008","volume":"42","author":"Kuang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1039\/b311682d","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13114","DOI":"10.1021\/jp802285c","volume":"112","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201002009","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13082375","volume":"13","author":"Wakchaure","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.20517\/mmm.2023.07","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Miner. Miner. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16449","DOI":"10.1021\/am502925j","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23591","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA17049K","volume":"5","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab164","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab164","volume":"9","author":"Bian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.09.291","volume":"27","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120151","volume":"237","author":"Qu\u00edlez-Bermejo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16779","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8069018","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit59\/1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Vibroacoustics, Noise and Harshness","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2024","unstructured":"G.Purushothaman  and  I. A.Ansari ,  Handbook of Vibroacoustics, Noise and Harshness ,  2024 ,  pp. 1\u201346"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200904093","volume":"22","author":"Bang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-021-00582-3","volume":"4","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17475198251339300","DOI":"10.1177\/17475198251339299","volume":"49","author":"Chetry","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-024-00128-x","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100378","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater.\nToday Phys."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16893","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202516893","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16313","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR02059F","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100378","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2021.100262","volume":"17","author":"Riley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394200375.ch21","volume-title":"Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications","author":"Srivastava","year":"2026","unstructured":"M.Srivastava  and  A.Srivastava ,  Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Imaging Applications ,  Wiley ,  2026 ,  pp. 511\u2013534"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11090814","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. S.Hwang ,  J. W.Jeong ,  Y. A.Kim  and  M.Chang ,  2020 , preprint 10.3390\/mi11090814"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00211-4","volume":"3","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13060209","volume":"13","author":"Min","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19043","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR05287F","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00640","volume":"6","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.10.002","volume":"65","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.064","volume":"93","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1021\/la103505x","volume":"27","author":"Paulo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B312","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0111512jes","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19074","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02149","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.052","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2020.107733","volume":"138","author":"Jalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.03.011","volume":"18","author":"Eivazzadeh-Keihan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2024.100132","volume":"8","author":"Hammam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Adv."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0081","volume":"23","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng., Part B"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2017.01.001","volume":"1","author":"Murdock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit86\/1","author":"Gu","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. K.Gu ,  D. J.Choi ,  S. J.Park ,  Y.-J.Kim  and  C.-H.Kim ,  2018 , pp. 15\u201328"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-2835-4","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S436867","author":"Stocco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.03.012","volume":"108","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110374","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003759","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003759","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131017","volume":"428","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB02682A","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1804838","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804838","volume":"31","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9849","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05537","volume":"9","author":"Hussen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9745","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00272A","volume":"13","author":"Zarouki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LF00120F","volume":"1","author":"Agrawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Appl. Interfaces"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.213","volume":"126","author":"Noorunnisa Khanam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2020.112776","volume":"401","author":"Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., A"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26463","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA04835J","volume":"11","author":"Abd Elkodous","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0068-3","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit102\/1","volume-title":"Micro and Nano Technologies","author":"Chountoulesi","year":"2020","unstructured":"M.Chountoulesi ,  N.Naziris ,  N.Pippa ,  S.Pispas  and  C.Demetzos , in  Micro and Nano Technologies , ed. N. Pippa and C. B. T.-N. for C. A. Demetzos,  Elsevier ,  2020 , pp. 99\u2013121"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26899","volume":"234","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103443","volume":"74","author":"Rajabzadeh-Khosroshahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201100078","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201000307","volume":"296","author":"Rana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00274-2","volume":"25","author":"Murthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69628","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00700","volume":"7","author":"AbouAitah","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21227","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202007786","volume":"132","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2041598","volume":"19","author":"Ashrafizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN00267D","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit113\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.11.052","volume":"188","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100996u","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.055","volume":"155","author":"Jun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.066","volume":"200","author":"Lima-Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120421","volume":"265","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14034","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916112","volume":"59","author":"Lucherelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.,\nInt. Ed."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84980","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17143A","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080895","author":"Reshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9732","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00861","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"D5TB02499D\/cit122\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.126816","volume":"348","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Materials Chemistry B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2026\/TB\/D5TB02499D","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1783015568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/tb\/article\/14\/6\/1809-1830\/917576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5tb02499d","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-750X","2050-7518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-750X","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-7518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}