{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:46:52Z","timestamp":1791820012601,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X003086\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X003086\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKRI1930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKRI1930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSRP\\R1\\211057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSRP\\R1\\211057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Analyst"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores how micro- and nanoscale probes enable minimally invasive delivery, sampling, sensing, and manipulation in living cells with high spatial and temporal precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d6an00915h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:03:02Z","timestamp":1791273782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Micro and nanoscale probes for spatiotemporal cell analysis and manipulation"],"prefix":"10.1039","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4665-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry F. S.","family":"Budds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wellydo","family":"Escari\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0028-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Zentrum f\u00fcr Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Sandoghdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Zentrum f\u00fcr Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chalmers C. C.","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheena E.","family":"Radford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric W.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Actis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00222.x","volume":"203","author":"Bird","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41277","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41277","volume":"7","author":"Simonis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl0515","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl0515","volume":"10","author":"Marcuccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01955-8","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"7924","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05046-9","volume":"608","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01333","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202501333","volume":"10","author":"Shastri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b00367","volume":"89","author":"Guillaume-Gentil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"22","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16219","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c00544","volume":"98","author":"Byrd","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1021\/nl901384x","volume":"9","author":"Meister","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-025-00463-2","volume":"6","author":"Zambelli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"issue":"11","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201202276","volume":"9","author":"Guillaume-Gentil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit12\/1","author":"FluidFM","unstructured":"Cytosurge.FluidFM  and  AG.Cytosurge  [online]. Cytosurge: Opfikon; 2026 [Accessed 3 March 2026]. Available from:  https:\/\/www.cytosurge.com\/technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0493-z","volume":"14","author":"Aramesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12388","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12388","volume":"12","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"4","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300505","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300505","volume":"19","author":"Antony","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP107220","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.107220","volume":"14","author":"Zare-Eelanjegh","year":"2026","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"10","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.2c00292","volume":"11","author":"G\u00e4belein","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002597","volume":"22","author":"Ernst","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLos Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03127-z","volume":"5","author":"Guillaume-Gentil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"8038","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08010-x","volume":"635","author":"Giger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65741-9","volume":"16","author":"Gassler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.025","volume":"166","author":"Guillaume-Gentil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001576","volume":"20","author":"G\u00e4belein","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLos Biol."},{"issue":"4891","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2464851","volume":"243","author":"Hansma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"19","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11726","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00962","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"19","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr31700a","volume":"4","author":"Seger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"96","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13909","DOI":"10.1039\/c6cc08125h","volume":"52","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41648-6","volume":"9","author":"Simonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48608-3","volume":"15","author":"Chau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"13","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12325","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c01393","volume":"17","author":"Awasthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"7","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02246","volume":"20","author":"Chau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5231","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b09555","volume":"13","author":"Houghtaling","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"4","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.267","volume":"12","author":"Yusko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13770","volume":"93","author":"Kasianowicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FD00057H","volume":"233","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.5c00053","volume":"5","author":"Marcuccio","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nanosci. Au"},{"issue":"20","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107795","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107795","volume":"18","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"43","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002616","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202002616","volume":"16","author":"Nathamgari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"29","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn7637","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn7637","volume":"8","author":"Patino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405097u","volume":"8","author":"Actis","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"11","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c06315","volume":"25","author":"Ida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0289279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289279","volume":"18","author":"Stanley","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"36","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC00573A","volume":"59","author":"Sahota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64455-0","volume":"14","author":"Bury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"18","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-03944-5","volume":"414","author":"Bury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07405-w","volume":"8","author":"Slotos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0315-8","volume":"14","author":"Nadappuram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24863","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c02802","volume":"148","author":"Sahota","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"19","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18522","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c02056","volume":"19","author":"Sahota","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00879D","volume":"26","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1039\/b404956j","volume":"4","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"11","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108323","volume":"26","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"11","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00142","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.202500142","volume":"42","author":"Bansho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"issue":"10","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1039\/d0lc00197j","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"15","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8483","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202016171","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301147","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202301147","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22958","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c03013","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.79","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8680","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01054","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114137","volume":"206","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"21","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00521C","volume":"25","author":"Proulx","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"39","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45640","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c09665","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"28","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15376","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c02265","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02177-x","volume":"21","author":"Holler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100801","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100801","volume":"17","author":"Brimmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/MARSS55884.2022.9870475","volume-title":"2022 International Conference on Manipulation, Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS)","author":"Sofela","year":"2022","unstructured":"S.Sofela ,  A.Saleh  and  M. A.Qasaimeh ,  Integrated Microfluidic Probe for Single Cell Manipulation , in  2022 International Conference on Manipulation, Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS) ,  2022 , pp.  1\u20135 . Available from:  https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9870475 . [cited 2026 Jun 15].  10.1109\/MARSS55884.2022.9870475"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-020-00205-2","volume":"6","author":"Lovchik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"issue":"12","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00464-7","volume":"7","author":"Elnathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909350107","volume":"107","author":"Shalek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061417-125705","volume":"11","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01490","volume":"9","author":"Chiappini","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.8","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29726-2","volume":"13","author":"Jahed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b01523","volume":"17","author":"Dipalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61325-3","volume":"10","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"21","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500399","volume":"25","author":"Buch-M\u00e5nson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1021\/nl200542m","volume":"11","author":"Almquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1021\/nl204051v","volume":"12","author":"VanDersarl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"5993","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192033","volume":"329","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.223","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"13","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909250107","volume":"107","author":"Almquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c11011","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"17","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414728","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202414728","volume":"37","author":"Mustfa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.98","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06998","volume":"13","author":"Hansel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806788","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806788","volume":"31","author":"Gopal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05313","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"21","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10510","DOI":"10.1021\/am402070k","volume":"5","author":"Bonde","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"41","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04171","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504171","volume":"37","author":"Tchoe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"24","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba4971","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba4971","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-025-00677-w","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"46","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910166116","volume":"116","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.88","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410035","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202410035","volume":"35","author":"Sarikhani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0169-z","volume":"453","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pfluegers Arch."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.265","volume":"8","author":"Spira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.249","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04222","volume":"23","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00258","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108378","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202108378","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114928","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"16","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300083","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202300083","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"31","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28347","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202528347","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70547","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70547","volume":"15","author":"Chiappini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00463F","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"9","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100002","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202100002","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nanobiomed Res."},{"issue":"43","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37847","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c11267","volume":"19","author":"Quek","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"43","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49964","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c07918","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"13","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13073","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18297","volume":"19","author":"Reynolds","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6AN00915H\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121869","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"23","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14938","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00206","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"11","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6972","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau6972","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit113\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02343","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c01783","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42055-2","volume":"14","author":"Dembitskaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"D6AN00915H\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3296","volume":"12","author":"Van de Plas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["The Analyst"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/AN\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/0\/D6AN00915H.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:49:54Z","timestamp":1791816594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/AN\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1039\/D6AN00915H"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d6an00915h","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1039\/D6AN00915H\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0003-2654","1364-5528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2654","type":"print"},{"value":"1364-5528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}