{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:13:52Z","timestamp":1792588432103,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":106,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanoscale Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review covers antimicrobial nanomaterials, their mechanisms, smart activation strategies, biomedical applications, challenges, and emerging trends advancing nanotechnology-based solutions to antimicrobial resistance in clinical care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d6na00093b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:43:57Z","timestamp":1776429837000},"page":"2844-2864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Antimicrobial nanomaterials at the nanoscale: design principles, mechanisms, and global challenges"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1551-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinithi","family":"Senanayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0665-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imalka","family":"Munaweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71077","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71077","volume":"8","author":"Nazir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/soc14090187","volume":"14","author":"Ferraz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Societies"},{"issue":"45","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33568","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA06117A","volume":"14","author":"Solanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016249","volume":"10","author":"Naylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481212","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1481212","volume":"13","author":"Safdar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02137-x","volume":"85","author":"Heimann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01891-8","volume":"10","author":"Daruka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020207","volume":"14","author":"Parvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"19","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6612","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00487J","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003366270","volume-title":"Smart Nanomaterials","author":"Munaweera","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.Munaweera  and  M. L. C.Madhusha ,  Smart Nanomaterials ,  CRC Press ,  Boca Raton ,  2023 ,  10.1201\/9781003366270"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003442202","volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Nanotherapeutics","author":"Munaweera","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.Munaweera  and  P.Yapa ,  Principles and Applications of Nanotherapeutics ,  CRC Press ,  Boca Raton ,  2023 ,  10.1201\/9781003442202"},{"issue":"10","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1039\/d4nr04774e","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01573-9","volume":"20","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1039\/D4PM00032C","volume":"1","author":"Mondal","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Pharm."},{"issue":"17","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13172406","volume":"13","author":"Ortega-Nieto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020173","volume":"13","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.2c00040","volume":"2","author":"Chug","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/97898152388151240101","volume-title":"Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery","author":"Weerasinghe","year":"2024","unstructured":"L.Weerasinghe ,  I.Munaweera , and  S.Kumarage ,  Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery ,  Bentham Science Publishers ,  2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene3030020","volume":"3","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hygiene"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2025.100863","volume":"70","author":"Priya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.07.009","volume":"53","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082113","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1775","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1775","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04305-6","volume":"23","author":"Hegde","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02017-8","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s41048-020-00117-8","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1021\/ja510147n","volume":"137","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-022-00573-z","volume":"52","author":"Shinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-016-0085-7","volume":"3","author":"Edson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.11.063","volume":"378","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN00798K","volume":"12","author":"Christ","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"issue":"21","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15214299","volume":"15","author":"Mercante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c00748","volume":"22","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"25","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20061","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01642H","volume":"15","author":"Senanayake","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbad046","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad046","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"issue":"4","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16040419","volume":"16","author":"Parvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-024-00423-5","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2025.103626","volume":"345","author":"Generalova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8092","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00890E","volume":"6","author":"Herath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100205","volume":"7","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2025.100049","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03495-8","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478273","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1478273","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111252","volume":"195","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169815","volume":"914","author":"Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.13074\/jent.2023.12.234478","volume":"12","author":"Jothivenkatachalam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0420-1","volume":"19","author":"Makabenta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020207","volume":"14","author":"Parvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"29","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23187","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01711D","volume":"15","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"10","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2105252","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105252","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.02.177","volume":"688","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41490-5","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18536","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03136A","volume":"14","author":"Ranathunga","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"46","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33919","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA05052E","volume":"14","author":"Yapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060794","volume":"11","author":"Le\u00f3n-Buitimea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.temicr.2025.100052","volume":"2","author":"Thakur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Total Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599113","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1599113","volume":"15","author":"Khalifa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SU00093A","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"issue":"5","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-025-00711-8","volume":"38","author":"G\u00fcn","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03699-2","volume":"24","author":"Fatih","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03743-9","volume":"25","author":"Asaad","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15020126","volume":"15","author":"Akda\u015f\u00e7i","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29015-y","volume":"13","author":"Est\u00e9vez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84335-x","volume":"15","author":"Darini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426179","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1426179","volume":"12","author":"Tene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48831-w","volume":"13","author":"Al-Gaashani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-024-00147-y","volume":"1","author":"Belhachem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-023-03880-y","volume":"18","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discover Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020351","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"18","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00380F","volume":"7","author":"Yapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.54254\/2755-2721\/59\/20240807","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14030254","volume":"14","author":"Sui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"10","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR04774E","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1611126","volume":"7","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_79_25","volume":"4","author":"Valinejadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prev. Diagn. Treat. Strategies Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04299-3","volume":"20","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061230","volume":"10","author":"Balaure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-025-01115-7","volume":"8","author":"Yapa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.07.029","volume":"203","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020310","volume":"12","author":"Ferreres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_92_24","volume":"13","author":"Salmani-Zarchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"issue":"45","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33568","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA06117A","volume":"14","author":"Solanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"32","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25910","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03578C","volume":"15","author":"Senanayake","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"11","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111426","volume":"17","author":"Alidriss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"50","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42460","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA04206B","volume":"15","author":"Hayat","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"8","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-024-06087-z","volume":"26","author":"Safaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10695","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210695","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122108","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04435-z","volume":"24","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.724","volume":"8","author":"Rajput","year":"2019","journal-title":"ADMET & DMPK"},{"issue":"9","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090741","volume":"9","author":"Aldawsari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"issue":"19","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6612","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ma00487j","volume":"6","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2025.102862","volume":"70","author":"Mehmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984252","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984252","volume":"13","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.07.006","volume":"66","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06435-0","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/abe5fa","volume":"16","author":"Kyriakides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"22","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15221733","volume":"15","author":"Parvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02901-x","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"9S","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.33545\/26174693.2024.v8.i9Sa.2046","volume":"8","author":"Shudeer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427843","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1427843","volume":"6","author":"Olawade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.13074\/jent.2025.09.2521519","volume":"14","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S554821","volume":"20","author":"Herdiana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2025.105881","volume":"162","author":"Andreoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"23","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7424","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NA00586H","volume":"7","author":"Dabare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00922-5","volume":"14","author":"Sharifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01646-2","volume":"14","author":"Caputo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"issue":"41","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34191","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA05074J","volume":"15","author":"Pasindu","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"42","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35233","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA05072C","volume":"15","author":"Senanayake","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090353","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MD00581J","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit113\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02186-6","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit114\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00786","volume":"8","author":"Mamidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15070437","volume":"15","author":"Kidanemariam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/med.22082","volume":"45","author":"Mamidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02974-8","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030220","volume":"13","author":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.30574\/wjbphs.2025.21.2.0093","volume":"21","author":"Fagbemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Pharm. Health Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70027","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00388C","volume":"2","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit122\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.4c00088","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit123\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.10.001","volume":"38","author":"Aati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit124\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132645","volume":"14","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"1","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit125\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06601-2","volume":"25","author":"Teama","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit126\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911235","volume":"23","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"26","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit127\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18536","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra03136a","volume":"14","author":"Ranathunga","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"D6NA00093B\/cit128\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2016.02.010","volume":"43","author":"Koneru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"D6NA00093B\/cit129\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003354185","volume-title":"Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials","author":"Munaweera","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.Munaweera  and  M. L. C.Madhusha ,  Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials .  CRC Press , 1st edn,  2023 ,  10.1201\/9781003354185"}],"container-title":["Nanoscale Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2026\/NA\/D6NA00093B","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:40:46Z","timestamp":1782852046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/na\/article\/8\/9\/2844-2864\/1242872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d6na00093b","relation":{},"ISSN":["2516-0230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-0230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}