{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:21:31Z","timestamp":1787674891383,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22302058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22302058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nanoscale Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review summarizes ligand-exchange strategies for colloidal nanocrystals, their effects on superlattice self-assembly, and corresponding diverse applications. Current challenges and prospective research directions are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d6na00458j","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:02:51Z","timestamp":1783407771000},"page":"4708-4726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ligand exchange on nanocrystals: fundamental mechanisms, regulation of nanocrystal properties, self-assembly, and advanced applications"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3752-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caidong","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanxi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.10.084","volume":"157","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25995-5","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03355-z","volume":"591","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.98","volume":"9","author":"Jeevanandam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arabian J. Chem."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2015.12.001","volume":"614","author":"Granata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10658","volume":"143","author":"Hartley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4494","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b00839","volume":"137","author":"Boles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b05362","volume":"30","author":"Drijvers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6942","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b02796","volume":"10","author":"Jansons","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-022-00025-4","volume":"1","author":"Calvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26881","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202109308","volume":"133","author":"Otero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00339","volume":"1","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5766","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c01058","volume":"34","author":"De Roo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506223h","volume":"9","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502851","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32863","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03155","volume":"7","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160094","volume":"876","author":"Shyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00733","volume":"119","author":"Heuer-Jungemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9473","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04437","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800082","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800082","volume":"30","author":"Balazs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2251","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6192","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01399","volume":"15","author":"Efros","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8034","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b03768","volume":"30","author":"De Roo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13277","DOI":"10.1039\/C6DT02410F","volume":"45","author":"De Roo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15675","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b07836","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3046055","volume":"7","author":"Sandiford","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c02989","volume":"35","author":"Dhaene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259924","volume":"347","author":"Owen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b04648","volume":"29","author":"Houtepen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13277","DOI":"10.1039\/C6DT02410F","volume":"45","author":"De Roo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18536","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4086758","volume":"135","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201500965","volume":"54","author":"De Roo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b00345","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c04189","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13305","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c02895","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15124","DOI":"10.1021\/ja106841f","volume":"132","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c08683","volume":"15","author":"Calvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8918","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b04967","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit40\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805886","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805886","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00254E","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit42\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044638c","volume":"127","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00204","volume":"53","author":"Giansante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit44\/1","first-page":"792","volume":"95","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21852","DOI":"10.1021\/jp207868a","volume":"115","author":"Moran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b04210","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b00406","volume":"34","author":"Berestok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b01658","volume":"3","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c01516","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b01827","volume":"28","author":"Knauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00733","volume":"119","author":"Heuer-Jungemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c06994","volume":"17","author":"Behera","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5665","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b18780","volume":"10","author":"Rastogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1021\/ja108948z","volume":"133","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6114","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5014512","volume":"8","author":"Ehlert","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b03827","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c15472","volume":"16","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00478","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00116","volume":"56","author":"Kwan Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152278","volume":"492","author":"Drozd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b01827","volume":"28","author":"Knauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111351","author":"Saliu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08217","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508217","volume":"37","author":"Maeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152278","volume":"492","author":"Drozd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b01261","volume":"31","author":"Diroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003805","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003805","volume":"32","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4526","volume":"15","author":"Boles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800489","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201800489","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.26.1","volume":"26","author":"Oyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1021\/nn7003348","volume":"2","author":"Luther","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit71\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01361","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202501361","volume":"13","author":"Jayabalan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit72\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0174985","volume":"124","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit73\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001924","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001924","volume":"32","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit74\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6476","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b00872","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit75\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.124154","volume":"322","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit76\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c00903","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit77\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16847","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR05232B","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit78\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c02148","volume":"34","author":"Karadaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit79\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20691","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202108439","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit80\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b05107","volume":"31","author":"Oliva-Puigdomenech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit81\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1021\/la00019a001","volume":"10","author":"Meldrum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit82\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5240.1335","volume":"270","author":"Murray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit83\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1021\/j100062a006","volume":"98","author":"Kotov","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit84\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5240.1335","volume":"270","author":"Murray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit85\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0189-9","volume":"13","author":"Scalise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit86\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14773","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b09959","volume":"137","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit87\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b12327","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit88\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00147","volume":"56","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit89\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0206439","volume":"15","author":"Prasad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit90\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6420","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7420","volume":"6","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit91\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9648","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200904118","volume":"121","author":"Guerrero-Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit92\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC03352K","volume":"52","author":"Boterashvili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit93\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6990","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7990","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit94\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11893","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b06313","volume":"140","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit95\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401423","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202401423","volume":"20","author":"Ibrahem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit96\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-2014-0593","volume":"229","author":"Bekenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit97\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b01827","volume":"28","author":"Knauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit98\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b02373","volume":"10","author":"Maiti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit99\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22526","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b06989","volume":"8","author":"Novak","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit100\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1021\/ja110454b","volume":"133","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit101\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00116","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit102\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b03863","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit103\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b00006","volume":"13","author":"Boles","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit104\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17774","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03149","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit105\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219231","volume":"16","author":"Asamoah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit106\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c01439","volume":"145","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit107\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10041","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202510041","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit108\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214949","volume":"477","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit109\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1021\/ja312604r","volume":"135","author":"Kravchyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit110\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804926","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804926","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit111\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301248","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301248","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit112\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00544","volume":"2","author":"Riedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit113\/1","first-page":"e007","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Carbon Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit114\/1","first-page":"e014","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustainable Carbon Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit115\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07862","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507862","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit116\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC07181F","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit117\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11403","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c19865","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit118\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12326","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12326","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit119\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c11500","volume":"144","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit120\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153719","volume":"496","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit121\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703798","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703798","volume":"29","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit122\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9664","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC02658B","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit123\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409910","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202409910","volume":"21","author":"Shingyouchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit124\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100066","DOI":"10.1002\/elsa.202100066","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit125\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00248","volume":"120","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit126\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800082","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800082","volume":"30","author":"Balazs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit127\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC05448K","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit128\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16100","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.100","volume":"2","author":"Garc\u00eda de Arquer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit129\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2364153","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"D6NA00458J\/cit130\/1","first-page":"2389","volume":"13","author":"YousefiAmin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Nanoscale Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/NA\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1039\/D6NA00458J\/0\/D6NA00458J.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:46:59Z","timestamp":1787672819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/NA\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1039\/D6NA00458J"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d6na00458j","relation":{},"ISSN":["2516-0230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-0230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}