{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:15:09Z","timestamp":1791994509516,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":141,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002713","name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["RSC Adv."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) presents a significant global health challenge, where the efficacy of conventional treatments is often hampered by systemic toxicity, poor bioavailability, and drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d6ra02003h","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:46:03Z","timestamp":1779453963000},"page":"27847-27877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A QbD optimization of a pH-responsive Eudragit S100\u2013chitosan nanoformulation for the co-delivery of pentoxifylline and simvastatin in colorectal cancer therapy"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samar M.","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seham M.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"R. I. Abdel-Gawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed G.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Metwally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11241, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit1\/1","volume-title":"Cancer Today: Origins, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Roberts","year":"1984","unstructured":"L.Roberts ,  Cancer Today: Origins, Prevention, and Treatment ,  Institute of Medicine ,  1984"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310912","volume":"66","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00021","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105481","volume":"94","author":"Raikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-020-00482-6","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit6\/1","volume-title":"Perspective Chapter: Statins Use in Cancer Treatment\u2013Unraveling the Mechanisms and Future Therapeutic","author":"Ala","year":"2025","unstructured":"O. A.Ala ,  Perspective Chapter: Statins Use in Cancer Treatment\u2013Unraveling the Mechanisms and Future Therapeutic ,  Frontiers ,  2025"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0668-5692","volume":"128","author":"Dobrzycka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578345","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1578345","volume":"16","author":"Dang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33972","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26119","volume":"9","author":"Shirakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.100997","volume":"31","author":"Al-Husein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201019666180528084641","volume":"19","author":"Golunski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2018.4272","volume":"52","author":"Za","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-025-01161-7","volume":"32","author":"Gonciarz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S375229","volume":"17","author":"Choukaife","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit15\/1","first-page":"61","volume":"1","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2021.1999974","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2025v17i3.54408","volume":"17","author":"Sahu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240139","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2024-0139","volume":"13","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.14227\/DT170210P27","volume":"17","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dissolution Technol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9414-z","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40660-0","volume":"9","author":"Verheijen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2022.100081","volume":"4","author":"Summer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit23\/1","first-page":"74","volume":"32","author":"McKim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Technol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.05.003","volume":"69","author":"Schultze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR05961H","volume":"6","author":"Sethi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit26\/1","first-page":"304757","volume":"2014","author":"D'Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmaceut."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit28\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2104841","volume":"37","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111768","volume":"184","author":"Abo-Ashour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.10","volume":"58","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit31\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091234","volume":"17","author":"do Nascimento","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7454\/psr.v2i1.3481","volume":"10","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.736962","volume":"10","author":"Thakral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.034","volume":"455","author":"Rampino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.04.007","volume":"81","author":"Bernkop-Schn\u00fcrch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2006.03.005","volume":"28","author":"Akhgari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1081\/DRT-200063478","volume":"23","author":"Desai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.09.012","volume":"125","author":"Siepmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjps.2017.02.001","volume":"3","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future J. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit40\/1","first-page":"765","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(89)90306-2","volume":"57","author":"Peppas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit42\/1","first-page":"217","volume":"67","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00095-1","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600521210","volume":"52","author":"Higuchi","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.03.051","volume":"418","author":"Siepmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit46\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(83)90064-9","volume":"15","author":"Korsmeyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90035-6","volume":"5","author":"Ritger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00090-4","volume":"50","author":"Peppas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.09.004","volume":"364","author":"Siepmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.09.004","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(00)00269-8","volume":"3","author":"Colombo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00248-6","volume":"73","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1517\/17425241003602259","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)82256-5","volume":"1","author":"Paul","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1021\/ci6004299","volume":"47","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20222","volume":"26","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75292-6","volume":"14","author":"Gheidari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6507","DOI":"10.1021\/jm070593p","volume":"50","author":"Nabuurs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01359-y","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit60\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S237693","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit61\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2017.68719","volume":"42","author":"Ba\u0142an","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.10.019","volume":"103","author":"Lerma-D\u00edaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11487","volume":"33","author":"Cruz-Galvez","year":"2019","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit64\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592706","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.592706","volume":"10","author":"Bravo-Cuellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"D6RA02003H\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(00)00249-6","volume":"49","author":"Marcinkiewicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"}],"container-title":["RSC Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlepdf\/2026\/RA\/D6RA02003H","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:26:24Z","timestamp":1782923184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/xlink.rsc.org\/?DOI=D6RA02003H"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d6ra02003h","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-2069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-2069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}