{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:02:44Z","timestamp":1790784164327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,9,16]],"date-time":"2027-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1821052800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":623,"URL":"http:\/\/rsc.li\/journals-terms-of-use"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22275105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22275105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rsc.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Mater. Chem. B"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review covers intracellular gelation, building polymer networks inside cells for immunotherapy, drug delivery, and tissue repair. It discusses triggers, materials, and future challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1039\/d6tb01298a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1789554609000},"page":"11460-11479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/rsc_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intracellular gelation technology: frontier exploration in biomaterials and biomedical applications"],"prefix":"10.1039","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6311-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huitao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Orthopedics, People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 271100, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuya","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongmin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"292","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit1\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2023.100209","volume":"17","author":"Arif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Giant"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit2\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-025-01837-5","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit3\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104829","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202104829","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit4\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210093","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210093","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit5\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02616-z","volume":"22","author":"Latypova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit6\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00830-x","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit7\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01852-x","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit8\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00068","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit9\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00069","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit10\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.05.033","volume":"182","author":"Laval","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit11\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146047","volume":"475","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit12\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302528","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302528","volume":"13","author":"McNally","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit13\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00182","volume":"125","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit14\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101190","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202101190","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit15\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/ar7001914","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit16\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8216","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200701697","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit17\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2040","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit18\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13307","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201507157","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit19\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202882","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202202882","volume":"34","author":"Macdougall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit20\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202505417","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202505417","volume":"64","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit21\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401368","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401368","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit22\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1021\/bm501652d","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit23\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1039\/c001658f","volume":"6","author":"Chronopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit24\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122757","volume":"347","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit25\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/md19010043","volume":"19","author":"Mangiagalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit26\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2165","volume":"21","author":"Juers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit27\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.945990","volume":"57","author":"Santhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit28\/1","first-page":"293","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit29\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01066-z","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit30\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402370","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402370","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit31\/1","first-page":"57","volume":"31","author":"Jie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit32\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500894","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit33\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giant.2023.100197","volume":"16","author":"Wentao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Giant"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit34\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2025.111437","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit35\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202416541","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202416541","volume":"64","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit36\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b01014","volume":"51","author":"Shuquan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit37\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn8699","volume":"377","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit38\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204175","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204175","volume":"10","author":"Contreras-Llano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit39\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2025.102039","volume":"8","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit40\/1","first-page":"1","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit41\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123532","volume":"324","author":"Ye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit42\/1","first-page":"424","volume":"28","author":"Jian'an","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Ind. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit43\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c00032","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit44\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01401-7","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit45\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20651","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202009387","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit46\/1","author":"Yi","unstructured":"Z.Yi , Master's thesis, Tianjin University, 2021"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit47\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201411383","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit48\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146423","volume":"321","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit49\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59895","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c13445","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit50\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102092","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit51\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44662-5","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit52\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03562-0","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit53\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09049-5","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit54\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420068","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420068","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit55\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55904-z","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit56\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14419","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202514419","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit57\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12236","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit58\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121415","volume":"323","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit59\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104704","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202104704","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit60\/1","author":"Wei","unstructured":"W.Wei , Master's thesis, Dalian University of Technology, 2020"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit61\/1","first-page":"35","volume":"44","author":"Xiaoyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit62\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306552","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306552","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit63\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123195","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit64\/1","author":"Wang","unstructured":"M.Wang , Master's thesis, Jilin University, 2020"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit65\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c01600","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit66\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.09.007","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit67\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312631","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202312631","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit68\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01272","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202501272","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit69\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00093","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"D6TB01298A\/cit70\/1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201708","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201708","volume":"12","author":"Chien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."}],"container-title":["Journal of Materials Chemistry B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/TB\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1039\/D6TB01298A\/0\/D6TB01298A.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:09:47Z","timestamp":1790780987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/TB\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1039\/D6TB01298A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d6tb01298a","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-750X","2050-7518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-750X","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-7518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}