{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:09:17Z","timestamp":1781734157962,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]],"date-time":"2010-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":417,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech and App Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite indications that GA (glutaraldehyde)\u2010cross\u2010linked tissues remain prone to long\u2010term degradation and calcification, it is still the reagent of choice in the fixation of bioprosthetic heart valves. We have shown previously that increased GA concentrations and diamine extension of cross\u2010links with lysine incorporation lead to mitigated <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> calcification, mainly of porcine aortic\u2010wall tissue. The present study was performed to assess the correlation between the cross\u2010link density of all three commonly used tissue types [PW (porcine aortic wall), PL (porcine aortic leaflet) and BP (bovine pericardium)] and tissue calcification in the subcutaneous rat model after GA treatment with or without lysine. The effect of lysine enhancement, and increased GA concentration in the presence of lysine, resulted in significant increases in tissue cross\u2010linking in all three tissue types. Although increased GA concentration on its own resulted in decreased calcification without an increase in cross\u2010link density, overall positive correlations were found between denaturation temperature and RPD (resistance towards protease degradation) [correlation coefficient (\u03c1) values: \u03c1<jats:sub>PW<\/jats:sub>=0.922, \u03c1<jats:sub>PL<\/jats:sub>=0.783 and \u03c1<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>=0.955], whereas negative correlations existed between RPD and calcification (\u03c1<jats:sub>PW<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.836, \u03c1<jats:sub>PL<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.929 and \u03c1<jats:sub>BP<\/jats:sub>=\u22120.579). The combination of lysine enhancement and an increase in GA concentration from 0.2 to 3% resulted in 79, 44 and 56% decreases in calcification in PW, PL and BP. In the case of BP, a decrease in calcification of 81% could be achieved merely by adding lysine extension to low\u2010concentration (0.2%) GA cross\u2010linking. Thus it is concluded that the increase in cross\u2010link density achieved by lysine incorporation, and by increased GA concentration in the presence of lysine, results in significant and marked decreases in calcification of all three types of tissues commonly used in bioprosthetic heart valves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ba20090101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]],"date-time":"2009-07-02T15:32:24Z","timestamp":1246548744000},"page":"133-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The effects of cross\u2010link density and chemistry on the calcification potential of diamine\u2010extended glutaraldehyde\u2010fixed bioprosthetic heart\u2010valve materials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Deon","family":"Bezuidenhout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anel","family":"Oosthuysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Human","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Weissenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Zilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085960"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"H1095","volume":"263","author":"Naimark W. 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