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However, the detailed mechanism of action, structure and nature of toxic hIAPP species responsible for this effect remains elusive to date mainly due to the high cost associated with the chemical synthesis of pure peptide required for these studies. In the present work, we attempted to obtain structural and mechanistic insights into the hIAPP aggregation process using recombinant hIAPP (rhIAPP) isolated from Escherichia coli. Results from biophysical and structural studies indicate that the rhIAPP self-assembled into highly pure, \u03b2-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils with uniform morphology. rhIAPP-mediated apoptosis in INS-1E cells was associated with increased oxidative stress and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. The transcript levels of apoptotic genes - Caspase-3 and Bax were found to be up-regulated, while the levels of the anti-apoptotic gene - Bcl2 were down-regulated in rhIAPP-treated cells. Additionally, the expression levels of genes involved in combating oxidative stress namely Catalase, SOD1 and GPx were down-regulated. rhIAPP exposure also affected glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. The aggregation of rhIAPP also occurred significantly faster when compared with that of the chemically synthesized peptide. We also show that the rhIAPP fibrils were shorter and more cytotoxic. In summary, our study is one among the few to provide comprehensive evaluation of structural, biophysical and cytotoxic properties of rhIAPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20170323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:11:02Z","timestamp":1508371862000},"page":"3915-3934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Recombinant human islet amyloid polypeptide forms shorter fibrils and mediates \u03b2-cell apoptosis via generation of oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"474","author":[{"given":"Richa","family":"Dubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400076, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Minj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400076, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devika M.","family":"Sardesai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti H.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhankar D.","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel Sarovar","family":"Bhavesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpy","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400076, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021112216445869300_BCJ-2017-0323C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030","volume":"94","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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