{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:48:14Z","timestamp":1790776094547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks and the pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. The ability of some animal species to acquire resistance to blood-feeding by ticks after a single or repeated infestation is known as acquired tick resistance (ATR). This resistance has been associated to tick-specific IgE response, the generation of skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells, basophil recruitment, histamine release, and epidermal hyperplasia. ATR has also been associated with protection to tick-borne tularemia through allergic klendusity, a disease-escaping ability produced by the development of hypersensitivity to an allergen. In addition to pathogen transmission, tick infestation in humans is associated with the \u03b1-Gal syndrome (AGS), a type of allergy characterized by an IgE response against the carbohydrate Gal\u03b11-3Gal (\u03b1-Gal). This glycan is present in tick salivary proteins and on the surface of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents of Lyme disease and granulocytic anaplasmosis. Most \u03b1-Gal-sensitized individuals develop IgE specific against this glycan, but only a small fraction develop the AGS. This review summarizes our current understanding of ATR and its impact on the continuum \u03b1-Gal sensitization, allergy, and the AGS. We propose that the \u03b1-Gal-specific IgE response in humans is an evolutionary adaptation associated with ATR and allergic klendusity with the trade-off of developing AGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20200915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T13:40:27Z","timestamp":1620999627000},"page":"1783-1794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Tick\u2013human interactions: from allergic klendusity to the \u03b1-Gal syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"478","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire D'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Hod\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire D'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinela","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s\/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"4Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Espinardo 30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s\/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"5Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024091008561400100_BCJ-2020-0915CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00114","article-title":"Tick-pathogen interactions and vector competence: identification of molecular drivers for tick-Borne diseases","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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