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However, not all amino acids were meticulously investigated for their effect on both insulin and incretin secretion, and the effect of amino acids given in different combinations remained incompletely characterized. In the present work, we reported the quantitative effect of individual and combinatorial amino acids in conjunction with low and high glucose, respectively, on insulin secretion from human islets and on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion from secretin tumor cell (STC-1). STC-1 cells were incubated with amino acid treatment solutions individually and in combinations at low and high glucose to investigate GLP-1 secretion. Batches of 15 islets were sequentially treated with 3\u00a0mM glucose, combinatorial amino acid treatment solutions at low and high glucose, and finally 25\u00a0mM KCl to quantify insulin secretion. Lysine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid significantly increased GLP-1 secretion in STC-1 cells compared with negative control. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) stimulated greater GLP-1 secretion only at high glucose and significantly induce insulin secretion in islets even in low glucose. Other amino acid combinations tested were able to augment GLP-1 secretion even in the absence of glucose but failed to further stimulate insulin secretion in human islets when given concurrently at higher glucose concentrations. In conclusion, the findings from our work could be used to infer the expected insulinogenic effect and glycemic response for proteins with different amino acid compositions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20253316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:22:49Z","timestamp":1776853369000},"page":"895-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combination amino acids and glucose effects on insulin and GLP-1 secretion"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"483","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7123-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth\u00a0H.C.","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah\u00a0X.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"4Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei\u00a0Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"6Food Science and Technology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3162-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James\u00a0C.Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore"},{"name":"7A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051405310903200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-013395-9.50021-6","article-title":"Effect of amino acids and proteins on insulin secretion in man","volume-title":"Schering Symposium on Endocrinology,\u00a0May 26 to 27, 1967","author":"Fajans","year":"1969"},{"key":"2026051405310903200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2002","article-title":"Invited review: role of insulin in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by amino acids or exercise","volume":"93","author":"Kimball","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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