{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:07:47Z","timestamp":1787004467591,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder presenting motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor dysfunction is the most debilitating, caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. Increasing evidence indicates that synapse demise occurs years before neuronal death. Yet, the early synaptic dysfunctions in PD remain poorly understood. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), a serine\/threonine kinase and GTPase relevant for both familial and sporadic forms of PD, has been increasingly associated with synaptic processes. These include the phosphorylation of key synaptic proteins and interactions with cytoskeletal components. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are fundamental for synapse maturation, maintenance, and plasticity. Recent findings indicate that neurotrophic signaling is impaired in PD. In this review, we critically discuss the significance of identifying and clarifying the early molecular events leading to synaptic dysfunction in PD. We examine how mutant LRRK2 affects these processes and the relationship between LRRK2 and BDNF signaling from both mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20253351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:17:06Z","timestamp":1762352226000},"page":"1585-1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["LRRK2 and the fragile synapse: a molecular prelude to Parkinson\u2019s disease?"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"482","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2826-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Masotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Tombesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Northwestern University, Chicago, U.S.A."},{"name":"3Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, MIA-Portugal, University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-4200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukia","family":"Parisiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Northwestern University, Chicago, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Greggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy"},{"name":"4Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","article-title":"Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"276","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201898960","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: convergence on synaptic homeostasis","volume":"37","author":"Soukup","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt192","article-title":"Disease duration and the integrity of the nigrostriatal system in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Kordower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"2025110509170403200_BCJ-2025-3351C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27316","article-title":"Nigrostriatal dopamine transporter availability in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Fazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. 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