{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:52:12Z","timestamp":1792785132911,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Save our Sons Foundation"},{"name":"Duchenne UK","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xg9a459","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X\u2011linked genetic disease caused by the absence of functional dystrophin, resulting in muscle membrane fragility, chronic inflammation, and progressive muscle wasting. The lack of effective treatments is further compounded by the slow onset of measurable changes in clinical outcomes, such as muscle strength, which often take a year or longer to become evident. Blood\u2011based biomarkers that can predict treatment efficacy and monitor disease progression would significantly accelerate therapeutic development. We propose that oxidative modifications to proteins in blood, a consequence of muscle inflammation, could be used to monitor disease progression in DMD. Using the DMDmdx rat, a model with more severe dystropathology than the mouse model of dystrophy (mdx), we assessed inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle and blood across disease stages. DMDmdx rats aged 1.5\u201312 months showed sustained immune activation, as indicated by elevated circulating leukocytes and increased myeloperoxidase content in dystrophic muscle compared with wild type. Oxidative protein modifications, including carbonylation, tyrosine chlorination, and thiol oxidation, were significantly elevated in serum and tissues of dystrophic rats. Two proteins showed distinct disease\u2011associated oxidative changes: albumin, which exhibited consistently increased thiol oxidation across ages, and inter\u2011alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), which showed elevated chlorination between 1.5\u20134.5 months. Notably, serum ITIH4 abundance correlated with markers of muscle inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings identify serum albumin thiol oxidation and serum ITIH4 abundance as promising blood\u2011based biomarkers for monitoring inflammation\u2011associated dystropathology in DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20260160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:42:26Z","timestamp":1791466946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum albumin oxidation and inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibitor heavy chain-4 abundance correlates with the dystropathology in the rat model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1042","author":[{"given":"Angelo Patrick R.","family":"Bautista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aude","family":"Lafoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universite, Nantes, Arizona, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Tsioutsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Terrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Le Guiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universite, Nantes, Arizona, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Huchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universite, Nantes, Arizona, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"container-title":["Biochemical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BCJ20260160\/992737\/bcj-2026-0160.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemj\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BCJ20260160\/992737\/bcj-2026-0160.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:42:27Z","timestamp":1791466947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemj\/article\/doi\/10.1042\/BCJ20260160\/238160\/Serum-albumin-oxidation-and-inter-alpha-trypsin"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bcj20260160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0264-6021","1470-8728"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0264-6021","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8728","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"article-number":"BCJ20260160"}}