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First described in the paxillin family of scaffolding proteins, LD motifs and similar acidic LXXLL interaction motifs have been discovered in several other proteins, whereas 16 proteins have been reported to contain LDBDs (LD motif-binding domains). Collectively, structural and functional analyses have revealed a surprising multivalency in LD motif interactions and a wide diversity in LDBD architectures. In the present review, we summarize the molecular basis for function, regulation and selectivity of LD motif interactions that has emerged from more than a decade of research. This overview highlights the intricate multi-level regulation and the inherently noisy and heterogeneous nature of signalling through short protein\u2013protein interaction motifs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20140298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T09:46:51Z","timestamp":1407232011000},"page":"317-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["How to find a leucine in a haystack? Structure, ligand recognition and regulation of leucine\u2013aspartic acid (LD) motifs"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"460","author":[{"given":"Tanvir","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshari","family":"Alazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan\u00a0T.","family":"Arold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021112215545634200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.018044","article-title":"Paxillin comes of age","volume":"121","author":"Deakin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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