{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:37:20Z","timestamp":1791394640614,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays an essential role in the regulation of diverse biological processes throughout the entire lifespan of the plant. Twenty-five years ago, SA first emerged as an endogenous signal capable of inducing plant defence responses both at the site of infection and in the systemic tissue of the plant. Since then, SA-mediated signalling pathways have been extensively characterized and dissected using genetic and biochemical approaches. Current research is largely focused on the identification of novel SA downstream signalling genes, in order to understand their precise contributions to the phytohormonal cross-talk and signalling network. This will subsequently help us to identify novel targets that are important for plant health, and contribute to advances in modern agriculture. In this chapter we highlight recent advances in the field of SA biosynthesis and the discovery of candidates for systemic mobile signals. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying SA perception. In addition, we review the novel SA signalling components that expand the scope of SA functions beyond plant immunity to include plant growth and development, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, DNA repair and homologous recombination. Finally, we shed light on the roles of SA in epigenetically controlled transgenerational immune memory that has long-term benefits for plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0580101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T08:58:16Z","timestamp":1442307496000},"page":"101-113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Salicylic acid signalling: new insights and prospects at a quarter-century milestone"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin S.","family":"Rockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla J.","family":"K\u00f8rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina M.","family":"Pajerowska-Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111610212258800_B1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Salicylic acid: an old hormone up to new tricks. Mol","volume":"14","author":"Boatwright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140421","article-title":"Systemic acquired resistance","volume":"42","author":"Durrant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81858-9","article-title":"The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats","volume":"88","author":"Cao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.6.8392","article-title":"Biosynthesis of salicylic acid in plants","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/35107108","article-title":"Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence","volume":"414","author":"Wildermuth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pci118","article-title":"Salicylic acid accumulation under O3 exposure is regulated by ethylene in tobacco plants","volume":"46","author":"Ogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1139\/b74-262","article-title":"Biosynthesis of phenolic acids in tomato plants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens","volume":"52","author":"Chadha","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/3870265","article-title":"Production of salicylic acid precursors is a major function of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica","volume":"8","author":"Mauch-Mani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.119420","article-title":"Characterization and biological function of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE2 gene of Arabidopsis","volume":"147","author":"Garcion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.3.1107","article-title":"Local and systemic biosynthesis of salicylic acid in infected cucumber plants","volume":"109","author":"Meuwly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.117.3.1095","article-title":"The biosynthesis of salicylic acid in potato plants","volume":"117","author":"Coquoz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru109","article-title":"An important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL1) in salicylic acid-dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.9057","article-title":"Abnormal plant development and down-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco containing a heterologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene","volume":"87","author":"Elkind","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1996.10020281.x","article-title":"Tobacco plants epigenetically suppressed in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase expression do not develop systemic acquired resistance in response to infection by tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"10","author":"Pallas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.157370","article-title":"Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress","volume":"153","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2011.01043.x","article-title":"Salicylic acid and its function in plant immunity","volume":"53","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147113","article-title":"Methyl salicylate is a critical mobile signal for plant systemic acquired resistance","volume":"318","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063164","article-title":"Methyl salicylate production and jasmonate signaling are not essential for systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis","volume":"21","author":"Attaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-23-1-0082","article-title":"Altering expression of benzoic acid\/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase 1 compromises systemic acquired resistance and PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Microbe Interact."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.04981.x","article-title":"An abietane diterpenoid is a potent activator of systemic acquired resistance","volume":"71","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170025","article-title":"Priming in systemic plant immunity","volume":"324","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.798","article-title":"Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants","volume":"43","author":"Chanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11162","article-title":"NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants","volume":"486","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.05.008","article-title":"The Arabidopsis NPR1 protein is a receptor for the plant defense hormone salicylic acid","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02903.x","article-title":"Negative regulation of defense responses in Arabidopsis by two NPR1 paralogs","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.04.004","article-title":"Tell me more: roles of NPRs in plant immunity","volume":"18","author":"Pajerowska-Mukhtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042811-105606","article-title":"Systemic acquired resistance: turning local infection into global defense","volume":"64","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.103028","article-title":"Non-Recognition-of-BTH4, an Arabidopsis mediator subunit homolog, is necessary for development and response to salicylic acid","volume":"24","author":"Canet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.188300","article-title":"The Mediator complex in plants: structure, phylogeny, and expression profiling of representative genes in a dicot (Arabidopsis) and a monocot (rice) during reproduction and abiotic stress","volume":"157","author":"Mathur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01734.x","article-title":"The sfr6 mutant of Arabidopsis is defective in transcriptional activation via CBF\/DREB1 and DREB2 and shows sensitivity to osmotic stress","volume":"34","author":"Boyce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03763.x","article-title":"Identification of SFR6, a key component in cold acclimation acting post-translationally on CBF function","volume":"58","author":"Knight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.123901","article-title":"Sensitive to freezing6 integrates cellular and environmental inputs to the plant circadian clock","volume":"148","author":"Knight","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.5.875","article-title":"The sfr6 mutation in Arabidopsis suppresses low-temperature induction of genes dependent on the CRT\/DRE sequence motif","volume":"11","author":"Knight","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.103317","article-title":"The Arabidopsis mediator complex subunit 16 positively regulates salicylate-mediated systemic acquired resistance and jasmonate\/ethylene-induced defense pathways","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12216","article-title":"The Arabidopsis mediator complex subunits MED14\/SWP and MED16\/SFR6\/IEN1 differentially regulate defense gene expression in plant immune responses","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf614","article-title":"Cell numbers and leaf development in Arabidopsis: a functional analysis of the STRUWWELPETER gene","volume":"21","author":"Autran","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81962-5","article-title":"Identification and cloning of a negative regulator of systemic acquired resistance, SNI1, through a screen for suppressors of npr1-1","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.039677","article-title":"A comprehensive structure\u2013function analysis of Arabidopsis SNI1 defines essential regions and transcriptional repressor activity","volume":"18","author":"Mosher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609357104","article-title":"Arabidopsis SNI1 and RAD51D regulate both gene transcription and DNA recombination during the defense response","volume":"104","author":"Durrant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.09.019","article-title":"Salicylic acid activates DNA damage responses to potentiate plant immunity","volume":"52","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.01.011","article-title":"DNA repair proteins are directly involved in regulation of gene expression during plant immune response","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005978107","article-title":"Arabidopsis BRCA2 and RAD51 proteins are specifically involved in defense gene transcription during plant immune responses","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108791","article-title":"Induction of protein secretory pathway is required for systemic acquired resistance","volume":"308","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00069","article-title":"Conserved and plant-unique strategies for overcoming endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"5","author":"Ruberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031944","article-title":"IRE1\/bZIP60-mediated unfolded protein response plays distinct roles in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.050021","article-title":"An endoplasmic reticulum stress response in Arabidopsis is mediated by proteolytic processing and nuclear relocation of a membrane-associated transcription factor, bZIP28","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.12.015","article-title":"The HSF-like transcription factor TBF1 is a major molecular switch for plant growth-to-defense transition","volume":"22","author":"Pajerowska-Mukhtar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-8-134","article-title":"Arabidopsis eIF2\u03b1 kinase GCN2 is essential for growth in stress conditions and is activated by wounding","volume":"8","author":"Lageix","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.121566","article-title":"Secretory pathways in plant immune responses","volume":"147","author":"Kwon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15973","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905532106","article-title":"Specific ER quality control components required for biogenesis of the plant innate immune receptor EFR","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.262","article-title":"Control of the pattern-recognition receptor EFR by an ER protein complex in plant immunity","volume":"28","author":"Nekrasov","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009262","article-title":"Overexpression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP3 regulates XA21-mediated innate immunity in rice","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.263","article-title":"Receptor quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum for plant innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Saijo","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.005","article-title":"Induced ER chaperones regulate a receptor-like kinase to mediate antiviral innate immune response in plants","volume":"6","author":"Caplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05053.x","article-title":"Plant ERD2-like proteins function as endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein receptors and participate in programmed cell death during innate immunity","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.187468","article-title":"Next-generation systemic acquired resistance","volume":"158","author":"Luna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.20155","article-title":"The epigenetic machinery controlling transgenerational systemic acquired resistance","volume":"7","author":"Luna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.187831","article-title":"Herbivory in the previous generation primes plants for enhanced insect resistance","volume":"158","author":"Rasmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm029","article-title":"Transgenerational changes in the genome stability and methylation in pathogen-infected plants: (virus-induced plant genome instability","volume":"35","author":"Boyko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2021111610212258800_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01683","article-title":"Pathogen-induced systemic plant signal triggers DNA rearrangements","volume":"423","author":"Kovalchuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Essays in Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/essaysbiochem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/bse0580101\/479030\/bse0580101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/essaysbiochem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/bse0580101\/479030\/bse0580101.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T10:36:09Z","timestamp":1637058969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/essaysbiochem\/article\/doi\/10.1042\/bse0580101\/78431\/Salicylic-acid-signalling-new-insights-and"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Guilfoyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bse0580101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0071-1365","1744-1358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0071-1365","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-1358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]}}}