{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:39:44Z","timestamp":1790667584694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1393,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tryptophan (Trp) requirements in pregnancy are several-fold: (1) the need for increased protein synthesis by mother and for fetal growth and development; (2) serotonin (5-HT) for signalling pathways; (3) kynurenic acid (KA) for neuronal protection; (4) quinolinic acid (QA) for NAD+ synthesis (5) other kynurenines (Ks) for suppressing fetal rejection. These goals could not be achieved if maternal plasma [Trp] is depleted. Although plasma total (free + albumin-bound) Trp is decreased in pregnancy, free Trp is elevated. The above requirements are best expressed in terms of a Trp utilization concept. Briefly, Trp is utilized as follows: (1) In early and mid-pregnancy, emphasis is on increased maternal Trp availability to meet the demand for protein synthesis and fetal development, most probably mediated by maternal liver Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition by progesterone and oestrogens. (2) In mid- and late pregnancy, Trp availability is maintained and enhanced by the release of albumin-bound Trp by albumin depletion and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) elevation, leading to increased flux of Trp down the K pathway to elevate immunosuppressive Ks. An excessive release of free Trp could undermine pregnancy by abolishing T-cell suppression by Ks. Detailed assessment of parameters of Trp metabolism and disposition and related measures (free and total Trp, albumin, NEFA, K and its metabolites and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in maternal blood and, where appropriate, placental and fetal material) in normal and abnormal pregnancies may establish missing gaps in our knowledge of the Trp status in pregnancy and help identify appropriate intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20150197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]],"date-time":"2015-09-17T20:15:42Z","timestamp":1442520942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Tryptophan metabolism, disposition and utilization in pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Abdulla\u00a0A.-B.","family":"Badawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111618212014100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1191","article-title":"Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism","volume":"281","author":"Munn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1986.6.267","article-title":"Characterisation of an indoleamine dioxygenase induced by gamma interferon in cultured human fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Interferon Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.11.1907934","article-title":"Relationship between interferon-gamma, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-2997(83)90005-5","article-title":"Biochemistry of tryptophan in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Bender","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200133","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in alcoholism","volume":"15","author":"Badawy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B6","first-page":"369","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy on tryptophan metabolism and disposition in the rat","volume":"255","author":"Badawy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113499209","article-title":"Tryptophan: the key to boosting brain serotonin synthesis in depressive illness","volume":"27","author":"Badawy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2300635","article-title":"Human indolylamine 2,3-dioxygenase, its tissue distribution, and characterization of the placental enzyme","volume":"230","author":"Yamazaki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1860977","article-title":"The metabolism of L-tryptophan by isolated rat liver cells: effect of albumin binding and amino acid competition on oxidation of tryptophan by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"186","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1580079","article-title":"Animal liver tryptophan pyrrolases\u2013absence of apoenzyme and of hormonal induction mechanism from species sensitive to tryptophan toxicity","volume":"158","author":"Badawy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2723-2730.2004","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of gamma interferon-induced bacteriostasis: inhibition and degradation of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"72","author":"Hucke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00648.x","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase in human tissues","volume":"113","author":"Kr\u00f6ncke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway enzymes in different species of animals","volume":"527","author":"Allegri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-2-8","article-title":"Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is a key modulator of physiological neurogenesis and anxiety-related behaviour in mice","volume":"2","author":"Kanai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12257","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12257","article-title":"Pregnant mice lacking indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase exhibit preeclampsia phenotypes","volume":"3","author":"Santillan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)75845-1","article-title":"Multihormonal regulation of transcription of the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase gene in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes with special reference to the presence of a transcriptional protein mediating the action of glucocorticoids","volume":"262","author":"Nakamura","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.124602","article-title":"Impaired dexamethasone-mediated induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in heme-deficient rat hepatocytes: translational control by a hepatic eIF2_kinase, the heme-regulated inhibitor","volume":"323","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1890461","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a new, rapid sensitive radiometric assay and its application to the study of the enzyme in rat tissues","volume":"189","author":"Cook","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108098965","article-title":"Perspective: plasma free tryptophan revisited: what you need to know and do before measuring it","volume":"24","author":"Badawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.214.6.1410","article-title":"Induction of tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase in mice","volume":"214","author":"Monroe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1600315","article-title":"The role of free serum tryptophan in the biphasic effect of acute ethanol administration on the concentrations of rat brain tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindol-3-ylacetic acid","volume":"160","author":"Badawy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2640597","article-title":"liver tryptophan pyrrolase: a major determinant of the lower brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in alcohol-preferring C57BL mice","volume":"264","author":"Badawy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B23","volume-title":"Tryptophan Metabolism in Relation to Mental Illness","author":"Bano","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B24","first-page":"45","article-title":"Comparative study of the effects of LPS on the function of BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 peritoneal macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Soudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.05.004","article-title":"TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 are differentially modulated in liver lethally injured from BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice during Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection","volume":"45","author":"Carrera-Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-154","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in LP-BPMS5 murine retroviral disease progression","volume":"10","author":"O'Conner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0417i.x","article-title":"The role of L-tryptophan transport in L-tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human placental explants","volume":"531","author":"Kudo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S6913","article-title":"Tryptophan transport in human fibroblast cells\u2013a functional characterization","volume":"4","author":"Vumma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019823","article-title":"The indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor 1-methyl-D-tryptophan upregulates IDO1\u00a0in human cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Opitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1979.tb04989.x","article-title":"Free and bound tryptophan in human plasma during the perinatal period","volume":"68","author":"Tricklebank","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Scand."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B31","first-page":"71","article-title":"Triptofano totale e libero nel siero di madri al momento del parto e dei rispettivi neonati (serum total and free tryptophan concentration in mothers at delivery and in their newborn babies)","volume":"5","author":"De Antoni","year":"1980","journal-title":"Giorn. It. Chim. Clin."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.136.5.498","article-title":"Tryptophan, cortisol and puerperal mood","volume":"136","author":"Handley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000242192","article-title":"Level of total and free tryptophan in maternal and in umbilical blood of infants born by vaginal delivery and by elective cesarian section","volume":"48","author":"Zanardo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B34","first-page":"101","article-title":"Tryptophan and its metabolite concentrations in human plasma and breast milk during the perinatal period","volume":"45","author":"Kamimura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(92)80208-8","article-title":"Difference in the concentration of tryptophan metabolites between maternal and umbilical foetal blood","volume":"576","author":"Morita","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00084-1","article-title":"Decreased plasma tryptophan in pregnancy","volume":"88","author":"Schr\u00f6cksnadel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B37","first-page":"314","article-title":"Postpartum mood changes and plasma amino acids","volume":"5","author":"Abou-Saleh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiat."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004007","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and delivery on the availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain: relationships to delivery-induced immune activation and early post-partum anxiety and depression","volume":"31","author":"Maes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2013.56.4.209","article-title":"The role of placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Kudo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(74)90275-9","article-title":"Error in the determination of tryptophan by the method of Denckla and Dewey. A revised procedure","volume":"60","author":"Bloxam","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B41","first-page":"400","volume-title":"The liver in pregnancy","author":"Sherlock","year":"1981"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8","article-title":"Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians","volume":"114","author":"Abbassi-Ghanavati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.42.221.24","article-title":"Growth hormone, glucose and free fatty acid levels in mother and infant of normal, diabetic and toxaemic pregnancies","volume":"42","author":"Laron","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181802150","article-title":"Association of elevated free fatty acids during late pregnancy with preterm delivery","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2011.09.003","article-title":"Can serum fatty acids assessment predict severe preeclampsia?","volume":"47","author":"El Beltagy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb01633.x","article-title":"Changes in levels of serum non-esterified fatty acid and blood glucose in pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Fairweather","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet, Gynaecol. Br. Commonw."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105459","article-title":"Correlation of kynurenine excretion with liver tryptophan pyrrolase levels in disease and after hydrocortisone induction","volume":"45","author":"Altman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2014.57.4.249","article-title":"Review: the tryptophan utilization concept in pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Badawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B49","volume-title":"Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1321","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1995.268.6.C1321","article-title":"Placental amino acid transport","volume":"268","author":"Moe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B51","first-page":"17","article-title":"Total and free tryptophan levels in serum of newborn infants. relationship with the serotonin and nicotinic acid pathways","volume":"2","author":"De Antoni","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol. Enzymol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.6.1638","article-title":"Free amino acids in human fetal liver and fluids at 12-17\u00a0weeks of gestation","volume":"14","author":"Jauniaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb00500.x","article-title":"Gestational ethanol consumption on tissue amino acid levels: decreased free histidine and tryptophan in fetal tissue with concomitant increase in urinary histamine excretion","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S12715","article-title":"L-tryptophan metabolism in pregnant mice fed a high L-tryptophan diet and the effect on maternal, placental and fetal growth","volume":"6","author":"Tsuji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006005000103","article-title":"Plasma amino acids in pregnancy, placental intervillous space and preterm newborn infants","volume":"40","author":"Camelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B56","volume-title":"Hormones, monoamines and peripartum affective disorders","author":"Doornboss","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110020601","article-title":"The role of serotonin and neurotransmitters during craniofacial development","volume":"11","author":"Moiseiwitsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E86","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00439.2010","article-title":"Regulation of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase by HOXA10 enhances embryo viability through serotonin signaling","volume":"300","author":"Doherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.143040","article-title":"Characterization of serotonin receptors in pregnant human myometrium","volume":"328","author":"Cordeaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606722104","article-title":"Maternal serotonin is crucial for murine embryonic development","volume":"104","author":"C\u00f4te\u00b4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.194","article-title":"Placental source of 5-HT that tunes fetal brain development","volume":"37","author":"Bonnin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00627-3","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of human kynurenine 3-monooxygenase","volume":"410","author":"Alberati-Giania","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0611","article-title":"Kynurenine aminotransferase I activity in human placenta","volume":"22","author":"Milart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.11.004","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: distribution and function in the developing human placenta","volume":"61","author":"Kudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.08.009","article-title":"Localisation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and kynurenine hydroxylase in human placenta and decidua: implications for role of kynurenine pathway in pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Ligam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.090","article-title":"Identification of kynurenine pathway enzyme mRNAs and metabolism in human placenta: upregulation by inflammatory stimuli and with clinical infection","volume":"192","author":"Mannuelpillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.09.002","article-title":"NFkB-dependent increase of kynurenine pathway activity in human placenta: inhibition by sulfasalazine","volume":"31","author":"Dharane Nee Ligam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh218","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase during decidualization of human endometrium","volume":"19","author":"Kudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3550425","article-title":"Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in early concepti","volume":"355","author":"Suzuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.50.392","article-title":"Changes in the urinary excretion of the metabolites of the tryptophan-niacin pathway during pregnancy in Japanese women and rats","volume":"50","author":"Fukuwatari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)00441-7","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-09-02965.1990","article-title":"Cerebral synthesis and release of kynurenic acid: an endogenous antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors","volume":"10","author":"Swartz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.050578997","article-title":"A Bacillus subtilis operon containing genes of unknown function senses tRNATrp charging and regulates expression of the genes of tryptophan biosynthesis","volume":"97","author":"Sarsero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B74","first-page":"611","article-title":"Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria","volume":"152","author":"Sanni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910600117","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the anti-tumour activity of human interferon-gamma in\u00a0vivo","volume":"60","author":"Burke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x","article-title":"Tryptophan and the immune response","volume":"81","author":"Moffett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020052","article-title":"Inhibition of allogeneic T cell proliferation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase\u2013expressing dendritic cells: mediation of suppression by tryptophan metabolites","volume":"194","author":"Terness","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401073","article-title":"T cell apoptosis by tryptophan catabolism","volume":"9","author":"Fallarino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5249-5251.2005","article-title":"Prolonged survival of a murine model of cerebral malaria by kynurenine pathway inhibition","volume":"73","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr134","article-title":"Tryptophan in alcoholism treatment I: kynurenine metabolites inhibit the rat liver mitochondrial low km aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, elevate blood acetaldehyde concentration and induce aversion to alcohol","volume":"46","author":"Badawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35696-X","article-title":"Tryptophan degradation in mice initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"261","author":"Takikawa","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0787-9","article-title":"Kynurenine metabolism in health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Kolodziei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(91)90005-U","article-title":"Increased endogenous interferon-gamma and neopterin correlate with increased degradation of tryptophan in human immunodeficiency virus type\u00a01 infection","volume":"28","author":"Fuchs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1978.tb01630.x","article-title":"Metabolism of an oral tryptophan load by women and evidence against the induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by oral contraceptives","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02247718","article-title":"The metabolic fate of infused tryptophan in men: possible clinical implications of the accumulation of circulating tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites","volume":"109","author":"Huether","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2250277","article-title":"Leucine and tryptophan metabolism in rats","volume":"225","author":"Salter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S18231","article-title":"Mechanisms of the pellagragenic effect of leucine: stimulation of hepatic tryptophan oxidation by administration of branched-chain amino acids to healthy volunteers and the role of free tryptophan and total kynurenines","volume":"7","author":"Badawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41270-2","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolism by tryptophan pyrrolase in rat liver: the effect of tryptophan loads and changes in tryptophan pyrrolase activity","volume":"250","author":"Young","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56203-7","article-title":"Relation of tryptophan and niacin to pyridine nucleotides of tissue","volume":"187","author":"Williams","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48675-9","article-title":"Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine nucleotides I. enzymatic synthesis of niacin ribonucleotides from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in mammalian tissue","volume":"238","author":"Nishizuka","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.4.1810","article-title":"FcepsilonR1 induces the tryptophan degradation pathway involved in regulating T cell responses","volume":"169","author":"Von Bubnoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250785","article-title":"Maternal and fetal amino acid concentrations and fetal outcome during pre-eclampsia","volume":"125","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1994.tb00425.x","article-title":"Serotonin metabolism in fetus in preeclampsia","volume":"20","author":"Tanigushi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Asia Oceania J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B94","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Study on serotonin metabolism in toxemia of pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Tanigushi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.23.6.514","article-title":"Serum alpha2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and IgG levels in preeclampsia","volume":"23","author":"Horne","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)35017-4","article-title":"Preeclampsia: should plasma albumin level be a criterion for severity","volume":"33","author":"Benoit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Can."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.05.002","article-title":"Free fatty acid profiles in preeclampsia","volume":"81","author":"Villa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70336-8","article-title":"Fasting serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and malonaldehyde are increased in preeclampsia, are positively correlated, and decrease within 48\u00a0hours postpartum","volume":"174","author":"Hubel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70061-4","article-title":"Serum from preeclamptic women induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression on human endothelial cells in\u00a0vitro: A possible role of increased circulating levels of fatty acids","volume":"179","author":"Endersen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu037","article-title":"Non-esterified fatty acids and spontaneous pre-term birth: a factor analysis for identification of risk patterns","volume":"179","author":"Catov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2730641","article-title":"Octanoate binding to the indole- and benzodiazepine-binding region of human serum albumin","volume":"273","author":"Kragh-Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(92)90717-W","article-title":"Effects of nonenzymatic glycosylation and fatty acids on tryptophan binding to human serum albumin","volume":"43","author":"Bohney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/242198a0","article-title":"The effect of fatty acids on the binding of tryptophan to plasma protein","volume":"242","author":"Curzon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00803.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"34","author":"Bernardi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70254-6","article-title":"Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis","volume":"179","author":"Sacks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-59","article-title":"Circulating cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia determined by multiplex suspension array","volume":"11","author":"Szarka","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00533.x","article-title":"Plasma and brain amino acids in fulminant hepatic failure and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Record","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B108","first-page":"291","article-title":"Determination of free tryptophan in plasma and its clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Hijikata","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.173823","article-title":"Supplementing healthy women with up to 5.0\u00a0g\/d of L-tryptophan has no adverse effects","volume":"143","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1163-2","article-title":"Comparison of 50- and 100-g L-tryptophan depletion and loading formulations for altering 5-HT synthesis: pharmacokinetics, side effects and mood states","volume":"198","author":"Dougherty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S5169","article-title":"Specificity of the acute tryptophan and tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion and loading tests Part II: normalisation of the tryptophan and tyrosine plus phenylalanine to competing amino acid ratios in a new control formulation","volume":"3","author":"Badawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939535","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"39","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00542.x","article-title":"The missing link between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mediated antibacterial and immunoregulatory effects","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/952571","article-title":"Growth modeling of the maternal cytokine milieu throughout normal pregnancy: macrophage-derived chemokine decreases as inflammation\/counterregulation increases","author":"Holtan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093320","article-title":"A bioplex analysis of cytokines and chemokines in first trimester plasma to screen for predictors of miscarriage","volume":"9","author":"Hannan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128219","article-title":"Elevated serum level of IL-35 associated with the maintenance of maternal-fetal immune tolerance in normal pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.06.051","article-title":"Maternal plasma cytokines in early- and mid-gestation of normal human pregnancy and their association with maternal factors","volume":"77","author":"Curry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12265","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein during uncomplicated and preterm pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00889.x","article-title":"Peripheral blood cytokine profiling during pregnancy and post-partum periods","volume":"64","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.11.005","article-title":"Longitudinal modulation of immune system cytokine profile during pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Denney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00318","article-title":"Cytokine levels in late pregnancy: are female infants better protected against inflammation?","volume":"6","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/210241","article-title":"Relationship between maternal immunological response during pregnancy and onset of preeclampsia","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Varea","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.02.005","article-title":"The predominant Th1 cytokine profile in maternal plasma of preeclamptic women is not reflected in the choriodecidual and fetal compartments","volume":"12","author":"Arriaga-Pizano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2005.10.007","article-title":"Cytokine mapping of sera from women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancies","volume":"70","author":"Jonsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701412719","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the maternal and umbilical interleukin-8 levels in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with intrauterine normal growth and intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"20","author":"Laskowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3109\/14767051003774942","article-title":"Maternal and umbilical serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia","volume":"23","author":"Tosun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.648233","article-title":"Plasma IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, interferon-\u03b3 and CRP levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia, and their relation with severity of disease and fetal birth weight","volume":"25","author":"Cembil Arikan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B128","first-page":"233","article-title":"Differences in the expression of TLRs and inflammatory cytokines in pre-eclamptic compared with healthy pregnant women","volume":"11","author":"Dabagh-Gorjani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401536","article-title":"The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory T cells and homeostatic M2 macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Svensson-Arvelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.29","article-title":"Mid-trimester amniotic fluid pro-inflammatory biomarkers predict the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in twins: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90687-2","article-title":"Newborn humans and rats malnourished in utero: free plasma L-tryptophan, neutral amino acids and brain serotonin synthesis","volume":"488","author":"Hernandez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318255004e","article-title":"Materal tryptophan and kynurenine pathway metabolites and the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"119","author":"Nilsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.043","article-title":"A transcriptional profile of the decidua in preeclampsia","volume":"204","author":"L\u00f8set","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.054","article-title":"The fetus, not the mother, elicits maternal immunologic rejection: lessons from discordant dizygotic twin placentas","volume":"36","author":"Yusuf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"2021111618212014100_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agu010","article-title":"Pellagra and alcoholism: a biochemical perspective","volume":"49","author":"Badawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."}],"container-title":["Bioscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20150197\/477275\/bsr035e261.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20150197\/477275\/bsr035e261.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1748613779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article\/35\/5\/e00261\/56222\/Tryptophan-metabolism-disposition-and-utilization"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20150197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8463","1573-4935"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4935","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"article-number":"e00261"}}