{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:42:55Z","timestamp":1784036575741,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) is a neurotoxic protein produced by Clostridium botulinum. Our previous studies demonstrated that BTXA inhibits the secretory function of submandibular gland (SMG) and changes its structure. Several studies reported that SMG damage and repair often occur with autophagy in the rat. However, no studies reported whether secretory inhibition and structural changes of SMG after BTXA injection is related with autophagy. The present study was carried out to explore the association between BTXA injection and autophagy in rat SMG. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression and distribution of light chain 3 (LC3) in rat SMG. MTS was used to detect the toxicity of BTXA on rat SMG-C6 cell line. GFP-LC3 and Lyso-Tracker Red fluorescence probe were used to assess the levels of autophagosomes and lysosome fusion and the effect of BTXA on autophagic flux in SMG-C6. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that BTXA temporarily increased autophagosomes in rat SMG. MTS results showed that BTXA exerted its toxicity on SMG-C6 in a dose-dependent manner. BTXA increased the number of autophagosomes in SMG-C6; however, most autophagosomes did not colocalize with lysosome. Therefore, we presume that BTXA can change autophagic flux of SMG cells, the mechanism of which might relate with BTXA\u2019s disturbing autophagosome-lysosome fusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20190035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T18:25:11Z","timestamp":1562264711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Botulinum toxin type A interrupts autophagic flux of submandibular gland"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Shang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Wang Fujing Branch, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 11# Xila Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-Gang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, 22# Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111619440234700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10786","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10786","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Clostridium botulinum type A containing silent type B neurotoxin gene sequences","volume":"271","author":"Hutson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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