{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:08:00Z","timestamp":1787004480221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":141,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Toxoplasmosis constitutes a global infection caused by oblige intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Although often asymptomatic, infection can result in more severe, potentially life threatening symptoms particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The present study evaluated the anti-Toxoplasma effects in experimental animals of silver nanoparticles synthesized in combination with extracts of natural plants (Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus spina-christi) as an alternative method to standard sulfadiazine drug therapy. Liver functions estimated by and AST and ALT were significantly increased in T. gondii-infected mice compared with the control group as well as hepatic nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and caused significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione activities in the liver homogenates. Nanoparticles pretreatment prevented liver damage as determined by enzyme activity inhibition, in addition to significant inhibition of hepatic NO levels and significant elevation in liver SOD and CAT activities. Moreover, nanoparticle treatment significantly decreased hepatic LPO and NO concentrations and proinflammatory cytokines but significantly boosted the antioxidant enzyme activity of liver homogenate. In addition, histological examinations showed distinct alterations in the infected compared with untreated control groups. Conversely, nanoparticles pretreatment showed improvement in the histological features indicated by slight infiltration and fibrosis, minimal pleomorphism and less hepatocyte and degeneration. Furthermore, nanoparticles treatment induced a reduction in immunoreactivity to TGF-\u03b2 and NF-\u03baB in hepatic tissues. Therefore, the present study provides new insights into various natural plants that are used traditionally for the treatment of toxoplasmosis and other parasitic infections, which may be useful as alternative treatment option for T. gondii infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20190379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T11:55:55Z","timestamp":1555415755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Anti-\n                    <i>Toxoplasma<\/i>\n                    activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized with\n                    <i>Phoenix dactylifera<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Ziziphus spina-christi<\/i>\n                    extracts which inhibits inflammation through liver regulation of cytokines in Balb\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Reem A.","family":"Alajmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa A.","family":"AL-Megrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0595-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Metwally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hind","family":"AL-Subaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah","family":"Altamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf M.","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Abdel Moneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahani T.","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"El-Khadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111619371158600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.10.001","article-title":"Molecular approaches to diversity of populations of apicomplexan parasites","volume":"39","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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