{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:17:26Z","timestamp":1790097446940,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Purpose: Safety data on commonly used herbal medicinal (HM) products (HMPs) and marketed in Ghana are scarce. We assessed the sub-chronic toxicity of three most-patronised commercial antimalarial HMPs in Kumasi, Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Method: Top three HMPs (designated as herbal products \u2018A\u2019 (HPA), \u2018B\u2019 (HPB) and \u2018C\u2019 (HPC)) were selected after a mini-survey and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation conducted in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 407 guidelines. Control rats received clean water while test groups received daily adult human dose (DAHD), 5\u00d7 DAHD or 10\u00d7 DAHD of either HPA, HPB or HPC for 30 days. Rats were killed on day 31 to obtain biochemical, haematology and histology samples for analysis. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey\u2019s test.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: The three HMPs produced alterations in liver morphology predominantly characterised by prominent foci of fatty change with scattered hepatocytes containing intracytoplasmic fat globules and congested central veins and sinusoids. The lungs showed alveolar with evidence of inflammation and foci of epithelial sloughing. Alveolar spaces were also obscured by debris and inflammatory cells. HPA and HPC produced scattered intensely congested heart vessels while HPB(10) produced haemorrhage and amorphous exudates within the heart. All HMPs produced neither treatment-related deaths nor significant change in haematological and biochemical parameters, except for HPA and HPB which decreased (P&amp;lt;0.05) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and HPB, which elevated (P&amp;lt;0.05) fasting blood glucose (FBG).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion: Data from the present study suggest the potential of the herbal products (HPs), HPA, HPB and HPC, to cause major organ-system dysfunction or damage. We advise cautious use of these products and recommend further safety evaluation in chronic toxicity models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20192536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1589798060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of top three commercial herbal antimalarial preparations in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8237-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Adusei-Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Texila American University, George Town, Guyana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6520-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Tikkanen-Kaukanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Ruralia Institute, University of Helsinki, L\u00f6nnrotinkatu 7, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Kauhanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus, P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac\u00a0Tabiri","family":"Henneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, P.M.B. University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis\u00a0Elsie","family":"Owusu Agyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, P.M.B. University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick\u00a0Kafui","family":"Akakpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, P.M.B. 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